Miller J. Propulsion Systems for Hybrid Vehicles

2nd Edition. — Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2010. — 610 p. — ISBN: 978-1-84919-147-0, ISBN: 978-1-84919-148-7 — (Iet Renewable Energy)Worldwide the automotive industry is challenged to make dramatic improvements in vehicle fuel economy, some already legislated and in some cases by new regulations. In Europe there are CO2 emissions penalties prorated by the degree at which vehicles miss mandated CO2 levels. In the U.S., vehicle fuel economy targets first set by the U.S. Congress in 2007 for 20% fuel economy improvement by 2020 are now being accelerated by the Obama administration to an overall passenger car plus light truck mandate of 35.5mpg by 2016. Taking effect in 2012 the new rules set more aggressive fuel economy measures that will require making significant gains in engine and driveline efficiency, better performance cabin climate control and the introduction of electric hybridization. This 2nd edition of Propulsion Systems for Hybrid Vehicles addresses the electrification innovations that will be required ranging from low end brake energy recuperators, idle-stop systems, mild hybrids on to strong hybrids of the power split architecture in both single mode and two mode and introducing new topics in plug-in hybrid and battery electrics.Hybrid vehicles
Electric engine hybrids 2010
Limits of engine-only actions
Vehicle electrification and more electric vehicle
Performance characteristics of road vehicles
Partnership for new generation of vehicle goals
Engine downsizing
Drive cycle characteristics
Hybrid vehicle performance targets
Basic vehicle dynamics
Calculation of road load
Components of road load
Friction and wheel slip
Predicting fuel economy
Emissions
Brake specific fuel consumption
Fuel economy and consumption conversions
Internal combustion engines: A primer
What is brake mean effective pressure (BMEP)?
BSFC sensitivity to BMEP
CE basics: Fuel consumption mapping
Emissions regulations
Grid connected hybrids
The connected car, V2G
Grid connected HEV20 and HEV60
Charge sustaining and charge depleting
ExercisesHybrid architectures
Series configurations
Locomotive drives
Series–parallel switching
Load tracking architecture
Pre-transmission parallel configurations
Energy recuperator systems
Micro hybrid
Mild hybrid
Power assist
Dual mode
Pre-transmission combined configurations
Power split
Power split with shift
Continuously variable transmission derived
Integrated hybrid assist transmission
Post-transmission parallel configurations
Post-transmission hybrid
Wheel motor hybrid
Hydraulic post-transmission hybrid
Launch assist
Hydraulic–electric post-transmission
Very high voltage electric drives
Flywheel systems
Texas A&M University transmotor
Petrol electric drivetrain
Swiss Federal Institute flywheel concept
Ultra-capacitor-only vehicles
Catenary powered vehicles with ultra-capacitors
Catenary powered vehicles with wayside ultra-capacitors
Ultra-capacitor trolley bus vehicles
Electric four wheel drive
The E4 system
Production ‘Estima Van’ example
ExercisesHybrid power plant specifications
Grade and cruise targets
Gradeability
Wide open throttle
Launch and boosting
First two seconds
Lane change
Braking and energy recuperation
Series RBS
Parallel RBS
RBS interaction with ABS
RBS interaction with IVD/VSC/ESP
Drive cycle implications
Types of drive cycles
Electric vehicle and regenerative electric vehicle cycles for PHEVs
Average speed and impact on fuel economy
Dynamics of acceleration/deceleration
Wide open throttle launch
Electric fraction
Engine downsizing
Range and performance
Usage requirements
Customer usage
Electrical burden
Grade holding and creep
Neutral idle
ExercisesSizing the drive system
Matching the electric drive and ice
Transmission selection
Gear step selection
Automatic transmission architectures
Simpson type
Wilson type
Lepelletier type
Summary of transmission types
Sizing the propulsion motor
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Torque and power
Constant power speed ratio (CPSR)
Machine sizing
Sizing the power electronics
Switch technology selection
kVA/kW and power factor
Ripple capacitor design
Switching frequency and PWM
Selecting the energy storage technology
Lead–acid technology
Nickel-metal hydride
Lithium ion
Metal–air batteries
Fuel cell
Ultra-capacitor
Flywheels
Electrical overlay harness
Cable requirements
Inverter bus bars
High voltage disconnect
Power distribution centres
Communications
Communication protocol: CAN
Power and data networks
Future communications: TTCAN
Future communications: FlexRay
Competing future communications protocols
Diagnostic test codes (DTC)
Supporting subsystems
Steering systems
Braking systems
Cabin climate control
Thermal management
Human–machine interface
Cost and weight budgeting
Cost analysis
Weight tally
ExercisesElectric drive system technologies
Permanent magnets
Permanent magnets: A primer
What happened to Alnico?
Rare earth permanent magnets
Brushless machines
Brushless dc
Brushless ac
Design essentials of the SPM
Dual mode inverter
Interior permanent magnet
Buried magnet
Flux squeeze
Mechanical field weakening
Multilayer designs
Asynchronous machines
Classical induction
Winding reconfiguration
Pole changing
Hunt winding
Electronic pole change
Pole–phase modulation
Pole changing PM
Variable reluctance machine
Switched reluctance
Synchronous reluctance
Radial laminated structures
Relative merits of electric machine technologies
Dynamic performance comparisons
Comparisons for electric vehicles
Comparisons for hybrid vehicles
ExercisesPower electronics for ac drives
Semiconductor device technologies
Trends in power semiconductors
Wide bandgap devices
Essentials of pulse width modulation
Resonant pulse modulation
Space vector PWM
Multilevel inverters
Comparison of PWM techniques
dc/dc converters
Thermal design
Reliability considerations
Sensors for current regulators
Interleaved PWM for minimum ripple
ExercisesDrive system control
Essentials of field oriented control
Dynamics of field oriented control
Sensorless control
Efficiency optimization
Direct torque control
ExercisesDrive system efficiency
Traction motor
Core losses
Copper losses and skin effects
Inverter
Conduction
Switching
Reverse recovery
Distribution system
Energy storage system
Efficiency mapping
ExercisesHybrid vehicle characterization
City cycle
Highway cycle
Combined cycle
European NEDC
Japan 10–15 mode
Regulated cycle for hybrids
ExercisesEnergy storage technologies
Battery systems
Lead–acid
Nickel-metal hydride
Lithium ion
Capacitor systems
Symmetrical ultra-capacitors
Asymmetrical ultra-capacitors
Ultra-capacitors combined with batteries
Hybridized battery example
Ultra-capacitor cell balancing
Dissipative cell equalization
Non-dissipative cell equalization
Electrochemical double layer capacitor specification and test
Hydrogen storage
Metal hydride
High pressure gas
Flywheel systems
Pneumatic systems
Storage system modeling
Battery model
Fuel cell model
Ultra-capacitor model
ExercisesHybrid vehicle test and validation
Vehicle coast down procedure
Sports utility vehicle test
Sports utility vehicle plus trailer test
Class-8 tractor test
Class-8 tractor plus trailer test
ExercisesAutomated electrified transportation
Personal rapid transit
Automated highway system
Non-contacting power transfer
Inductive coupling technology
Radiated near-field power transfer
Transporting cargo
Exercises