Davies M. (ed.) Standard Handbook for Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineers

McGraw-Hill, 2003. 1952 p. — ISBN: 0071362290.Topics discussed include: new vision for future aerospace vehicles and systems, engineering mathematics, units, symbols, and constants, and physical and chemical constants. Covers SI unitsNew Vision for Future Aerospace Vehicles and Systems
Learning from Living Systems
Revolutionary Vehicles
Future Space Transportation
Future Airspace System
Needed: Intellectual Infrastructure
Smart Vehicle, Heal Thyself
Working for More Secure Airspace
Engineering Mathematics, Units, Symbols, and Constants
Trigonometric Functions and General Formulae
Mathematical Signs and Symbols
Trigonometric Formulae
Trigonometric Values
Approximations for Small Angles
Solution of Triangles
Spherical Triangle
Exponential Form
De Moivre’s Theorem
Euler’s Relation
Hyperbolic Functions
Complex Variable
Cauchy–Riemann Equations
Cauchy’s Theorem
Zeroes, Poles, and Residues
Some Standard Forms
Coordinate Systems
Transformation of Integrals
Laplace’s Equation
Solution of Equations
Method of Least Squares
Calculus
Derivative
Maxima and Minima
Integral
Derivatives and Integrals
Standard Substitutions
Reduction Formulae
Numerical Integration
Vector Calculus
Series and Transforms
Arithmetic Series
Geometric Series
Binomial Series
Taylor’s Series
Maclaurin’s Series
Laurent’s Series
Power Series for Real Variables
Integer Series
Fourier Series
Rectified Sine Wave
Square Wave
Triangular Wave
Sawtooth Wave
Pulse Wave
Fourier Transforms
Laplace Transforms
Matrices and Determinants
Linear Simultaneous Equations
Matrix Arithmetic
Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
Coordinate Transformation
Determinants
Properties of Determinants
Numerical Solution of Linear Equations
Differential EquationsOrdinary Differential Equations: Analytical Solutions
Ordinary Differential Equations: Approximate Solutions
Partial Differential Equations
StatisticsAverages
Dispersion
Skewness
Combinations and Permutations
Regression and Correlation
Probability
Probability Distributions
Sampling
Tests of Significance
SI Units
Derived Units
Gravitational and Absolute Systems
Expressing Magnitudes of SI Units
Rules for Use of SI Units and the Decimal Multiples and Submultiples
SI Quantities, Units, and Symbols
Conversion of Existing Imperial TermsPhysical and Chemical Constants
Atomic Number
Atomic Weight
Density
Melting Point
Linear Coefficient of Expansion
Heat Conductivity
Electrical Resistivity
Mechanical Engineering Principles
Statics of Rigid Bodies
Strength of Materials
Dynamics of Rigid Bodies
Basic Definitions
Linear and Angular Motion in Two Dimensions
Circular Motion
Linear and Angular Motion in Three Dimensions
Balancing
Balancing of Rotating Masses
Vibrations
Single-Degree-of-Freedom Systems
Multi-Degree-of-Freedom Systems
Random Vibrations
Mechanics of FluidsFluid Statics
Fluid Flow
Flow Measurement
Boundary Layer Flow
Pressure Transients
Gas Flow
Ideal Fluid FlowPrinciples of ThermodynamicsThe Laws of Thermodynamics
Thermoeconomics
Work, Heat, Property Values, Process Laws and Combustion
Cycle Analysis
Heat TransferBasic Principles of Heat Transfer
Analysis of Heat Transfer
Use of Computers
Heat Transfer: Nomenclature
Electrical and Electronic Principles
Basic Electrical Technology
Electrical Machines
Analog and Digital Electronics Theory
Electrical Safety
ComputingGenerations of Digital Computers
Digital Computer Systems
Categories of Computer Systems
Central Processor Unit
Memory
Peripherals
Output Devices
Terminals
Printers and Plotters
Direct Input
Secondary Storage
Digital and Analog Input/Output
Data Communications
Computer Networks
Internet
Software
Database Management
Language Translators
Languages
Microprocessors, Instrumentation, and Control
Summary of Number Systems
ASCII Code
Gray Code
Microprocessors
System Architecture
Bus Structure
Memory Devices
Input/Output (I/O) Structure
Memory Map
Communication Standards
Serial Communication
Parallel Communication
Interfacing of Computers to Systems
Digital Interfacing
Controller Output Interface Hardware
Analog Interfacing
Multiplexing
Machine Tool Interfaces
Robot Control Interfaces
Signal Conditioning
Analog and Digital Filtering
InstrumentationDimensional/Geometrical Measurements
Volume and Level
Measurement of Vibration
Force/Weight Measurement
Pressure
Flow
Temperature Measurement
Bar Code Readers
Classical Control Theory and PracticeMathematical Models of Systems — Time Domain Analysis
Laplace Notation for Differential Equations — Frequency-Domai Analysis
Stability Criteria
Control Strategies
Microprocessor-Based Control
Direct Digital Control
Hardware Requirements
Software Considerations
Sampling Frequency in Digital Control Loops
PID Digital Control Algorithm
Speed Control
The PC as a Controller
Programmable Logic Controllers
The PLC in Automation Systems
The PLC Versus the Microcomputer
Ladder Logic Programming
Controlling Pneumatic and Hydraulic Systems
Safety
Networking of PLCs
The z-Transform
Representation of Discretely Sampled Data
The z-Transform of a Closed-Loop System
Proportional Control Using Digital Techniques
The z-Transform for a PID Controller
A P + I Strategy Using Digital Techniques
Stability in Discrete Time Systems
State Variable Techniques
State Variable Representation of Systems
Application to a First-Order System with A P + I Controller
Application to a Second-Order System with A P + I Controller
Nonlinear System Elements (Method of Isoclines)
Sampled-Data Systems
State Variable Transformations
The State of Transition Matrix
Aeronautical Propulsion
Newton and Propulsion
Turbojets and Propellers
Thrust Equation
Engine Cycles
Gas Turbine Engines
Ideal Engine Cycle Analysis
Goals of Cycle Analysis
General Procedure for Cycle Analysis
The Turbojet
The Turbofan
The Turboprop
Gas Turbine Component Technology
Real Gas Properties
Ramjets and Scramjets
Reciprocating Engines
Aircraft Engine Emissions and Fuels
Engine Noise
Rockets and Launch Vehicles
Rocket Science
Propulsion Systems
Launch Vehicles
Aerospace Structures
Aircraft Loadings
Properties of Materials
Metals
Composites
Smart Materials
Structural Considerations
Structural Analysis
Finite Element Analysis
Beams
Tubes
Plates and Shells
Real Structures
Stress Concentrations
Composite Structures
Structural Tests
Structural DynamicsMultiple Degree of Freedom Vibration
MDOF Free Vibration — Lumped Mass Models
Setting Up Equations of Motion — Finite-Element Approach
Global Stiffness and Mass Matrices — Element Assembly
MDOF Vibration — Setting Up Equations of Motion — Rayleigh-Ritz Method
Aeroelasticity
Noise
Helicopters
Aircraft Airworthiness Certification
Aeroelastic Design
Spacecraft Structures
Role of Spacecraft Structures and Various Interfaces
Mechanical Requirements
Space Mission Environment and Mechanical Loads
Project Overview: Successive Designs and Iterative Verification of Structural Requirements
Analytical Evaluations
Test Verification, Qualification, and Flight Acceptance
Satellite Qualification and Flight Acceptance
Materials and Processes
Manufacturing of Spacecraft Structures
Aerodynamics, Performance and Stability and ControlAerodynamics
Airfoil Geometric and Aerodynamic Definitions
Wing Geometric and Aerodynamic Definitions
Fundamentals of Vector Fluid Dynamics
Fundamentals of Potential Flow
Elementary Boundary Layer Flow
Incompressible Flow over Airfoils
Incompressible Flow over Finite Wings
Shock Wave Relationships
Compressible Flow over Airfoils
Compressible Flow over Finite Wings
Airplane Performance
Standard Atmosphere and Height Measurement
Airspeed and Airspeed Measurement
Drag and Drag Power (Power Required)
Engine (Powerplant) Performance
Level Flight Performance
Climbing and Descending Flight
Turning Performance
Stall and Spin
Range and Endurance
Takeoff and Landing Performance
Airplane Operations
Aircraft Stability and Control
Mathematical Modeling and Simulation of Fixed Wing Aircraft
Development of the Linearized Equations of Motion
Calculation of Aerodynamic Derivatives
Aircraft Dynamic Stability
Aircraft Response to Controls and Atmospheric Disturbances
Avionics and Astrionics
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Radiowaves in the Vacuum
Antennas and Power Budget of a Radio Link
Radiowave Propagation in the Terrestrial Environment
Management of the Electromagnetic Spectrum
The Spacecraft Environment
Introduction to the Space Environment
Effects of the Space Environment on Spacecraft, Launchers and Airplanes
The Energetic Charged Particle Environment
Aircraft Environment
Typical Flight Profile for Commercial Airplanes
The Atmosphere
Other Atmospheric Hazards
The Ionosphere
Electromagnetic CompatibilityBackground of EM Coupling
EM Environment and EMC Standards
EMC Tools
Engineering MethodIntroduction to Radar
Historical Background
Basic Principles
Trends in Radar Technology
Radar Applications to Aeronautics
Overview of Military Requirements and Specific Developments
Overview of Radar Applications to Space
Optical Fibers and Lasers
Optical Fiber Theory and Applications
Lasers
Specific Laser Systems
Photovoltaics
Solar Radiation
Photovoltaic Cell
The Solar Array
Aircraft Flight Control SystemsFlight Control Objectives and Principles
Flight Control Systems Design
Airbus Fly-by-Wire: An Example of Modern Flight Control
Some Control ChallengesSpace Borne Instruments
Space Borne Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)
Other Microwave Instruments
Spacecraft Sensors and Instrumentation
Spectro-Imagers
Active Instrumentation: Space Lidars
Passive Sounding from Space
In-Flight Computing
Introduction to Avionics
Requirements for Avionics
Physical Architecture
Avionics Logical Architecture
Avionics Example: The Airbus A320 Flight Control System
Engineering of Avionics System
Future Avionics
In-Space ComputingPhysical Architectures of Avionics
On-Board Software
Development of Avionics System
Advanced Development Methods
Future Avionics Functions
Aircraft SystemsAir Conditioning (ATA 21)
Electrical Power (ATA 24)
Equipment/Furnishings (ATA 25)
Fire Protection (ATA 26)
Flight Controls (ATA 27)
Fuel (ATA 28)
Hydraulic Power (ATA 29)
Ice and Rain Protection (ATA 30)
Landing Gear (ATA 32)
Lights (ATA 33)
Oxygen (ATA 35)
Pneumatic (ATA 36)
Water/Waste (ATA 38)
Airborne Auxiliary Power (ATA 49)
Avionic Systems
Aeronautical Design
DefinitionsOverall Approach
Government Regulations
Conceptual Design
Military Aircraft Design
Commercial and Civil Aircraft Design
Life Cycle Cost (LCC)
Commercial Aircraft Operating Costs
Unmanned Air Vehicles
Lighter-than-Air Vehicles (LTA)
V/Stol Air Vehicles
Performance
Astrodynamics
Orbital Mechanics
Orbital Maneuvers
Earth Orbiting Satellites
Interplanetary Missions
SpacecraftPlatform Technologies
Spacecraft Structure
Thermal Control
Solar Cells
Attitude Control
Launch and Reentry Vehicles
Semireusable Launch Vehicles
Expendable Launch Vehicles (ELVs)
Sounding Rockets
Guns, Mass Drivers, Sled, Energy Beam-Assisted Vehicles, Parabolic Flight Aircraft, and Drop Towers
Reentry Vehicles
Satellites
Communications Satellites
Satellite Navigation
Meteorology
Earth Resources Satellites
Military Satellites
Satellite Instrument Packages
Orbital and Mission Spacecraft and Space Stations
Orbital Spacecraft
Transfer and Supply Vehicles and Upper Stages
Planetary Orbiters
Planetary Landers
Orbital Laboratories
Space Stations
Manned Interplanetary Spacecraft and Landers
Manned Planetary Bases
Payload ManagementOverviewPlanetary Mission Instrument Packages
Space Laboratory Rack Systems
Space Medicine Experiments
Exposed Payloads
Sounding Rocket Payloads
Human Factors
Substantive Overview
Design Guidelines
Discussion of Selected Human Factors Principles
Health Care
Nutrition and Sanitation
Space Suits
Pressure Suits
EVA Suits
Earth’s Environment and Space
The Earth and Its Atmosphere
The Earth in Space
Properties of the Earth’s Atmosphere
How the Earth’s Atmosphere Works
Atmosphere Dynamics and Atmosphere Models
Electrical Phenomena in the Atmosphere
The Near-Earth Space EnvironmentThe Plasma Environment
The Neutral Gas Environment
The Vacuum Environment
The Radiation Environment
The Micrometeoroid and Space Debris Environment
The Solar System
Physical Properties of the Planets
Space Age Discoveries
The Moon
Origin of the Moon
Orbital Parameters
Lunar Geography
Lunar Geology
Physical Surface Properties
Lunar Surface Environment
Mars
Orbital Characteristics
Solid Geophysical Properties and Interiors
Surface and Subsurface
Atmosphere
Satellites
Search for Life on Mars
Exploration
The Sun–Earth ConnectionThe Sun and the Heliosphere
Structure and Dynamics of the Magnetospheric System
The Solar–Terrestrial Energy Chain
Dynamics of the Magnetosphere-Ionosphere-Atmosphere System
Importance of Atmospheric Coupling
Sun–Earth Connections and Human TechnologySpace DebrisSpatial Distribution of Space Debris
The Collision Risk
The Geostationary Orbit
Long-Term Evolution of the Space Debris Environment and Mitigation Measures
Aircraft Safety
Organizational Safety ProgramSafety Concepts
Accident Causation
Principles of Safety Management
The Accident-Prevention Process
The Elements of an Organizational Safety ProgramAviation LawFederal Statutory Law
State Codes
Regulations
The Common Law
Industry Standards
The Scope of Aviation Law
FAA Enforcement Administrative Actions
International Treaties/ICAO
Aviation Business Disputes
U.S. Federal Agencies that Regulate the Aviation Industry
The Roles of an Aviation Safety Professional in Aviation Law
FAA Regulatory Compliance
Accident Investigation
Litigation Support
Litigation Avoidance (Preventive Medicine)
The Engineer as a Technical Witness
The Engineer as an Expert Witness
The Engineer as Architect of Demonstrative Evidence
Aviation Product LiabilityAccident Analysis Data
Zero Accidents: The Quest for Better Prevention
Hazard Identification: The Pursuit of Information
The Need for Data-Driven Processes
Flight Operations Quality Assurance: The Pursuit of KnowledgeRisk ManagementRisk Management Guidelines
The Risk Management ProcessAircraft Accident and Incident InvestigationWhy Investigate Accidents and Incidents?
Systems Approach
The Importance of Investigating Incidents
Accident Investigation
The Role of an Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineer in an InvestigationAircraft Maintenance
The Economics of Maintenance
Airplane Maintenance
Design Service Objective (DSO)
Airplane Aging and Maintenance Cost
Airplane Functionality
Total Operating Cost
Direct Operating Cost
Maintenance Cost
Scheduled and Unscheduled Maintenance
Maintenance Cost Comparison
Turnaround Time (TAT)
Passenger Yield
Discretionary Maintenance
High Cost of Airplane Components
Component Reliability
Schedule Reliability
Fix or Fly?
Economics of a Maintenance Event
Maintenance Risk
Airplane Lease (Dry Lease or Wet Lease?)
In-House or Outsource?
Power-by-the-Hour (PBH)
Line Replaceable Unit (LRU) and Shop Replaceable Unit (SRU)
Airplane PartsNational and International RegulationsFederal Aviation Regulations (FAR)
FAA Certification
Maintenance Programs
Airplane Maintenance
Maintenance Program Requirements and the Historical Development of Aircraft Maintenance Theories
Maintenance Steering Group — 1 (MSG-1) Decision Logic
Maintenance Steering Group — 2 (MSG-2) Decision Logic
Maintenance Steering Group — 3 (MSG-3) Decision Logic
Developing the Maintenance Program Proposal
Operations Specifications
Aircraft Structural CorrosionThermodynamics of Corrosion
Aircraft Materials
Types of Aircraft Material Corrosion
Aerospace Paints and Protective Coatings
Inorganic Coatings
Anodizing
Chemical Conversion Coatings
Plating
Thermal Spray Coatings
Organic Finishes
Primers
Topcoats
Specialty Coatings
Sealants
Corrosion Inhibiting Compounds
Changes Due to Environmental Regulations
Maintenance
Airframe MaintenanceMaintaining Structural Safety
Maintaining Aircraft Certified Damage Tolerance Using MSG-3 Process
Structural Maintenance Program Development
Rating Environmental Deterioration (EDR)
Rating Fatigue Damage (FD)
Impact of Combined Fatigue and Corrosion Damage
Rating Accidental Damage (ADR)
Use of EDR/ADR Systems
Engine Maintenance
Engine Condition Monitoring (ECM)
Engine Condition Monitoring (ECM) Program
Methods of Inspection
Cleaning
Crack Detection
Shop Processes
Balancing
TestingMaintenance Human FactorsDefinition
Human Factors Principles, Standards, and Tools
Regulatory Requirements Regarding Maintenance Human Factors
Maintenance Human Factors in Aircraft/Component Design
Maintenance Human Factors in Maintenance Product Design
Maintenance Human Factors in Aircraft Maintenance Program
ApplicationsExtended Twin Operations (ETOPS)
Introduction: What Is ETOPS?
Maintenance Program Requirements for ETOPS
Additional Requirements
Comments about the ETOPS Maintenance Program
ETOPS Maintenance on Non-ETOPS Airplanes
Index follows Section