Nahum A.E., Burns D.T., Attix F.H., Andreo P,, Seuntjens J. Fundamentals of Ionizing Radiation Dosimetry

New York: Wiley-VCH, 2017. — 1351 p.Quantities and Symbols.
Roman letter symbols.
Greek letter symbols.
Mathematical symbols.
Acronyms.
Background and Essentials.Types and Sources of Ionizing Radiation.
Consequences of the Random Nature of Radiation.
Interaction Cross Sections.
Kinematic Relativistic Expressions.
Atomic Relaxations.
Evaluation of Uncertainties.
Exercises.
Charged-Particle Interactions with Matter.Types of Charged-Particle Interactions.
Elastic Scattering.
Inelastic Scattering and Energy Loss.
Radiative Energy Loss Bremsstrahlung.
Total Stopping Power.
Range of Charged Particles.
Number and Energy Distributions of Secondary Particles.
Nuclear Stopping Power and Interactions by Heavy Charged Particles.
The W-Value (Mean Energy to Create an Ion Pair).
Addendum – Derivation of Expressions for the Elastic and Inelastic Scattering of Heavy Charged Particles.
Exercises.
Uncharged-Particle Interactions with Matter.Photon Interactions with Matter.
Photoelectric Effect.
Thomson Scattering.
Rayleigh Scattering (Coherent Scattering).
Compton Scattering (Incoherent Scattering).
Pair Production and Triplet Production.
Positron Annihilation.
Photonuclear Interactions.
Photon Interaction Coefficients.
Neutron Interactions.
Exercises.
Field and Dosimetric Quantities Radiation Equilibrium – Definitions and Inter-Relations.Stochastic and Non-stochastic Quantities.
Radiation Field Quantities and Units.
Distributions of Field Quantities.
Quantities Describing Radiation Interactions.
Dosimetric Quantities.
Relationships Between Field and Dosimetric Quantities.
Radiation Equilibrium (RE).
Charged-Particle Equilibrium (CPE).
Partial Charged-Particle Equilibrium (PCPE).
Summary of the Inter-Relations between Fluence Kerma Cema and Dose.
Addendum – Example Calculations of (Net) Energy Transferred and Imparted.
Exercises.
Elementary Aspects of the Attenuation of Uncharged Particles.Exponential Attenuation.
Narrow-Beam Attenuation.
Broad-Beam Attenuation.
Spectral Effects.
The Build-up Factor.
Divergent Beams – The Inverse Square Law.
The Scaling Theorem.
Exercises.
Macroscopic Aspects of the Transport of Radiation Through Matter.The Radiation Transport Equation Formalism.
Introduction to Monte Carlo Derived Distributions.
Electron Beam Distributions.
Protons and Heavier Charged-Particle Beam Distributions.
Photon Beam Distributions.
Neutron Beam Distributions.
Exercises.
Characterization of Radiation Quality.General Aspects of Radiation Spectra Mean Energy.
Beam Quality Specification for Kilovoltage x-ray Beams.
Megavoltage Photon Beam Quality Specification.
High-Energy Electron Beam Quality Specification.
Beam Quality Specification of Protons and Heavier Charged Particles.
Energy Spectra Determination.
Exercises.
The Monte Carlo Simulation of the Transport of Radiation Through Matter.Basics of the Monte Carlo Method (MCM).
Simulation of Radiation Transport.
Monte Carlo Codes and Systems in the Public Domain.
Monte Carlo Applications in Radiation Dosimetry.
Other Monte Carlo Developments.
Exercises.
Cavity Theory.Cavities That Are Small Compared to Secondary Electron Ranges.
Stopping-Power Ratios.
Cavities That Are Large Compared to Electron Ranges.
General or Burlin Cavity Theory.
The Fano Theorem.
Practical Detectors Deviations from ‘Ideal’ Cavity Theory Conditions.
Summary and Validation of Cavity Theory.
Exercises.
Overview of Radiation Detectors and Measurements.Detector Response and Calibration Coefficient.
Absolute Reference and Relative Dosimetry.
General Characteristics and Desirable Properties of Detectors.
Brief Description of Various Types of Detectors.
Addendum – The Role of the Density Effect and I-Values in the Medium-to-Water Stopping-Power Ratio.
Exercises.
Primary Radiation Standards.Free-Air Ionization Chambers.
Primary Cavity Ionization Chambers.
Absorbed-Dose Calorimeters.
Fricke Chemical Dosimeter.
International Framework for Traceability in Radiation Dosimetry.
Addendum – Experimental Derivation of Fundamental Dosimetric Quantities.
Exercises.
Ionization Chambers.Types of Ionization Chamber.
Measurement of Ionization Current.
Ion Recombination.
Addendum – Air Humidity in Dosimetry.
Exercises.
Chemical Dosimeters.Radiation Chemistry in Water.
Chemical Heat Defect.
Ferrous Sulfate Dosimeters.
Alanine Dosimetry.
Film Dosimetry.
Gel Dosimetry.
Exercises.
Solid-State Detector Dosimetry.Thermoluminescence Dosimetry.
Optically-Stimulated Luminescence Dosimeters.
Scintillation Dosimetry.
Semiconductor Detectors for Dosimetry.
Exercises.
Reference Dosimetry for External Beam Radiation Therapy.A Generalized Formalism.
Practical Implementation of Formalisms.
Quantities Entering into the Various Formalisms.
Accuracy of Radiation Therapy Reference Dosimetry.
Addendum – Perturbation Correction Factors.
Exercises.
Dosimetry of Small and Composite Radiotherapy Photon Beams.Overview.The Physics of Small Megavoltage Photon Beams.
Dosimetry of Small Beams.
Detectors for Small-Beam Dosimetry.
Dosimetry of Composite Fields.
Addendum — Measurement in Plastic Phantoms.
Exercises.
Reference Dosimetry for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology.Specific Quantities and Units.
Formalism for Reference Dosimetry.
Quantities Entering into the Formalism.
Exercises.
Absorbed Dose Determination for Radionuclides.Radioactivity Quantities and Units.
Dosimetry of Unsealed Radioactive Sources.
Dosimetry of Sealed Radioactive Sources.
Addendum – The Reciprocity Theorem for Unsealed Radionuclide Dosimetry.
Exercises.
Neutron Dosimetry.Neutron Interactions in Tissue and Tissue-Equivalent Materials.
Neutron Sources.
Principles of Mixed-Field Dosimetry.
Neutron Detectors.
Reference Dosimetry of Neutron Radiotherapy Beams.
Exercises.
Appendix A Data Tables.
A Fundamental and Derived Physical Constants.
A Data of Elements.
A Data for Compounds and Mixtures.
An Atomic Binding Energies for Elements.
An Atomic Fluorescent X-ray Mean Energies and Yields for Elements.
Interaction Data for Electrons and Positrons (Electronic Form).
A Neutron Kerma Coefficients (Electronic Form).End User License Agreement.