Theocharis S., Tsihrintzis G.A. Semantic Knowledge Modelling via Open Linked Ontologies: Ontologies in E-Governance

Springer, 2023. — 381 p. — (Artificial Intelligence-Enhanced Software and Systems Engineering).Evolving technological advances in Artificial Intelligence-empowered Software present significant potential to lead e-Government towards more collective efforts, exchange of experiences on best practices both at national and international levels and dissemination of secret administrative knowledge. In this book, novel semantic web-based and linked open data-based approaches are developed for the modeling and management of the huge volume of administrative data and the procedures followed by public sector bodies and for the production and management of relevant administrative knowledge.Knowledge in Semantic Web is in the form of triplets RDF, to which specific languages are focused. Their main object is the recovery of results upon submission of tailored questions in the form of triplets. Such languages are RQL and SPARQL. With these languages, ontological knowledge that has been represented in RDF can easily be questioned, cut, transformed, or concentrated. This knowledge often stems from a Web Service and is updated either by a specialist or is the result of a Data mining process. We are interested in the SPARQL language in our work, which we can use in different ontology management tools such as Protege.The SPARQL (SPARQL Protocol and RDF Query Language) is the query language for RDF documents which has become a prototype for the W3C in January 2008. The SPARQL is based on previous query languages for RDF, like RDQL and SeRQL with which they form a family of query languages. Their use depends on the applications developed and runs every time. One of their common features is that they comprehend the RDF data as simple triples without some shape or other ontological information unless it is explicitly set to the RDF document. Also, these languages are all SQL-like, i.e. mimic the SQL syntax styles. The basic building block of SPARQL is the triple pattern and is an individual (elementary) question. A standard triple is an RDF triple (subject — predicate — object) which may contain a variable in one or more of the three positions.The book consists of eight chapters, each of which includes relevant bibliographic references for deeper probing. Appendices complement this work with sections of configuration files of the applications developed and used.Professors, researchers, scientists, engineers, and students in Artificial Intelligence, e-government, and other computer science-related disciplines are expected to benefit significantly from it, along with non-specialist readers from other disciplines who are interested in getting versed in the recent developments in e-government.