PAM 20-231. Combat in Russian forests and swamps

Washington: US Goverment Printing Office, 1951. — 39 p."Combat in forests and swamps requires firm, farsighted, energetic leadership by commanders who are able to cope with the peculiarities of this type of warfare and avoid unnecessary crises and reverses. During initial engagements uncertainty about the enemy and terrain is far greater than in the open. Unpleasant surprises may occur at any moment — in dense forests because of lack of observation and in swampy areas because of the difficulty in obtaining an accurate terrain estimate. In such situations, ignorance on the part of the staffs, defective organization, or lack of advance planning will have an immediate effect on the physical condition and the morale of the troops and may cause a loss of human lives which could have been avoided." Mechanized units in World War 2 had problems with forests and swamps. Mechanized units of today also have problems with forests and swamps, making this quite relevant to today's soldiers.