Campbell J.M. Gas Conditioning and Processing. Volume 1: The Basic Principles

7th edition. - USA: Campbell Petroleum Series, 1992. - 354 p.This new Seventh Edition of "Gas Conditioning and Processing" has been edited to reflect continuing changes in our technology and the manner in which it is practiced. Most engineering calculations are performed on a computer and there often is little opportunity for the user to become very proficient in all areas for which he or she is responsible. The only practical answer is to understand the relatively few fundamentals which govern the multitude of applications for them.The Fundamental Technology.
Basic terminology
Elements and Atoms.
Chemical Compounds and Molecules.
Physical Compounds.
Relative Atomic Mass (Weight).
Relative Molecular Mass (Weight).
The Mol.
Valence.
Mixture.
Basic hydrocarbon nomenclature
Paraffin Series Formula: C_nH_2n+2
Olefin or Ethylene Series (Alkenes) Formula: C_nH_2n
Acetylenic or Alkyne Series Formula: C_nH_2n-2
Diolefins Formula: C_nH_2n-2
Aromatic (Benzene) Series Formula: C_nH_2n-6
Naphthene Series Formula: C C_nH_2n
Paraffin hydrocarbon compounds
Radicals.
Alcohols.
Mercaptans.
Other Carbon-Sulfur Compounds.
Organic Nitrogen Compounds - Amines.
Glycols.
Acids, bases and salts.
Analysis of mixtures.
Basic units of measurement
Presenting Numbers.
Mass, Force and Weight.
Length, Area and Volume.
Density.
Pressure.
Temperature.
Work and Power.
Heat Energy.
Viscosity.
Volumetric-mass conversionsAppendix 1A: Definition of SI Base and Supplementary Units.
Appendix 1B: Definition of SI Derived Units having Special Names.
Appendix 1 p.: Summary of Basic Conversion Factors.Planning the systemThe basic system
Constraints of the Basic System.
The decision modules
The Reservoir Module.
The Separation Module.
Crude Oil Treating Module.
Produced Water Treating Module.
Gas Processing Module.
Process Selection and Design Basis.
Contract terms
Gas Contracts.
Liquid Contracts.
The project planPhysical properties of hydrocarbon systemsEquations of state
Nonideal P-V-T Equations.
Corresponding States Concept.
Third Parameters.
Mixture Combination Rules.
Gas density
Katz Correlation and Kay's Rule.
Application of Figure 3.2 to Gases Containing H₂S and CO₂
Approximate correlation for T_c' and P_c'.
Other Correlations for z.
Liquid physical properties
Distillation Characteristics.
Watson Characterization Factor.
Liquid density
Units of Density.
API Gravity.
API Barrel.
General Correlations.
Relative Density Versus Molecular Weight.
General Nomographs.
Corresponding States Methods.
Effect of Methane and Ethane.
Summary of Liquid Density Correlations.
Viscosity
Units of Viscosity.
Gas viscosity.
Liquid viscosity.
Surface tension.
General prediction of fluid properties.
Useful conversion factors for chapter 3Qualitative phase behaviorSingle component systems
P-T Plot for a Pure Substance.
Multi-component systems
Effect of Composition.
Effect of C₇₊ Characterization.
Effect of Impurities.
Application of phase envelopes
Reservoir Behavior.
Pumping Liquids.
High Pressure Pipelines.
Refrigeration Processes.
Operation Near the Critical Region.
Practical Suggestions.
Gibbs phase rule.
Prediction of phase envelope
Cricondentherm and Cricondenbar T and P.
Critical Pressure and Temperature.Vapor-liquid equilibrium behaviorEquilibrium vaporization ratio
Partial Pressure Concept.
Fugacity Derived K Values.
Computer Solutions for K.
K Value Plots.
Convergence Pressure Concept.
K Values for Heaviest Fraction.
Application of k values
Bubblepoint Determination.
Dewpoint Determination.
Flash Calculation.
Determination of Phase.
Stage Separation.
Some conversion calculations
Composition Expressed as Liquid, Mol or Weight %.
Composite Stream Analysis.
Conversion of Flash Results for Actual Flow Rates.
Basic Conversion Factors.
Accuracy of equilibrium calculations.
Product specification
Reid Vapor Pressure.
Preliminary product splits.
Storage of liquids
Pressure Storage.
Crude Oil Storage.
Automatic Custody Transfer (ACT).Appendix 5A: K Value Charts for CO2, H2S, and Paraffin Hydrocarbons.
Appendix 5B: Composite K Values for Reservoir Fluids.Water-hydrocarbon phase behaviorWater content of gases
Partial Pressure and Fugacity.
Empirical Plots.
Water content of sour gases
SRK Sour Gas Correlation.
Another Equation of State Approach.
Effect of Nitrogen and Heavy Ends.
Saturated Water Content in Equilibrium with Hydrates.
Water monitors.
Water content applications.
Gas hydrates.
Hydrate equilibrium.
Hydrate prediction correlations
Vapor-Solid Equilibrium Constants.
Trekell-Campbell Method.
McLeod-Campbell Method.
Equation of State Calculations.
Application of hydrate calculations.
Hydrate inhibition
Inhibitor Losses to the Hydrocarbon Phase.
Calculation Summary.
Crystallization (Freezing) of Glycols.
Glycol Losses.Basic thermodynamic conceptsThe Accounting Principle.
System and Surroundings.
Basic Thermodynamic Accounting.
Accounting for Mass.
Energy Balance.
Specific Applications.
The Second Law of Thermodynamics - Entropy.
Relationship Between Thermodynamic Properties and with P-V-T.
Special Case for Ideal Gases.
Special Case for Incompressible Liquids.
Solution of Equations 7.15 and 7.17.
Effect of Pressure on C_p
General Effect of PVT Relationships.
Applications of thermodynamics.Calculation of system energy changesChoice of system.
Units of measurements.
Flow Rates.
Effect of phase condition.
Enthalpy calculation alternatives.
Sensible heat changes.
Heat capacity correlations.
Mixtures.
Latent heat.
Pure Substances.
Mixtures.
Enthalpy calculations for pure substances.
Enthalpy calculations for mixtures.
General Correlations.
PVT Equations of State.
ENTROPY AND INTERNAL ENERGY CALCULATIONS.Appendix 8A: Enthalpy Chans.Process control and instrumentationDefinition of terms.
Control objectives and concepts
Feedback Control Systems.
Control modes
Controllers.
On/Off.
Proportional Control.
Reset.
Derivative.
Process control system development.
Cascade and feed-forward control.
Control valves
Valve Sizing.
Actuators.
Valve Positioners.
Principles of pneumatic controllers.
Level measurement and control
Other Level Devices.
Pressure regulation and control
Pressure Controller Specification.
Temperature measurement and control
Temperature Measurement.
Thermometers.
Filled Systems.
Thermocouples.
Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTD's).
Radiation Pyrometers.
Some Temperature Control Applications.
Direct-Fired Heaters.
Indirect Heating Medium.
Flow measurement and control
Flow Measurement.
Pitot (Impact) Tube.
Rotary Meter.
Sliding Vane Meter.
Rotating Vane Meter.
Reciprocating Piston Meter.
Rotameter.
Rotary Piston Meters.
Venturi Meter.
Vortex Shedding.
Centrifugal (Elbow) Meters.
Segmental Orifices.
Eccentric Orifices.
Flow Nozzles.
Sonic Meters.
Turbine Meters.
Orifice meters
Heating Value.
Wobbe Index.
Two-Phase Flow Measurement.
Alarm and shutdown systems
Pressure Switches.
Flow Switches.
Temperature Switches.
Level Switches.
Vibration Switches.
Pressure relief systems
Sizing.
Installation.
Noise control
Equipment Noise Summary.Appendix 9A: Some Standard Control Symbols.
Appendix 9B: Various Orifice Meter Factors.Appendix A: Sampling.Sampling time.
Early Reservoir Fluid Samples.
Stable Reservoir Fluid Samples.
Plant and System Fluid Samples.
Two-phase sampling approach.
Stinger.
Separation Vessels.
Method of sampling.
Sample container construction.
Sample container cleaning.
Mechanics of sampling.
Gas.
Liquid.
Gas-Oil Ratio.
Special considerations.
Variations in Composition.
Cold and Hot Samples,
Storage Tanks.Appendix B: General Conversion Factors.Appendix C: Thermodynamic Data.