Reymond Marc A., Solass Wiebke (eds.) PIPAC: Pressurized Intraperitoneal Aerosol Chemotherapy - Cancer Under Pressure

De Gruyter, 2014. — 252 p.Peritoneal dissemination is a common route of cancer metastasis. The benefit of administering chemotherapy directly into the peritoneal cavity is supported by preclinical and pharmacokinetic data. In comparison to intravenous (IV) treatment, intraperitoneal (IP) administration results in a several-fold increase in drug concentration within the abdominal cavity. There is now growing evidence from clinical studies showing a survival advantage for IP chemotherapy in various tumor typies, including ovarian, gastric and colorectal cancer. However, while the use of IP chemotherapy is slowly gaining acceptance, it is not universal, largely due to the greater toxicity associated with this approach. Moreover, efficacy of IP chemotherapy is limited by poor distribution within the abdominal cavity and by poor tissue penetration. A new way of IP chemotherapy is the application of cytotoxics in form of a pressurized aerosol into the abdominal of thoracic cavity. Pressurized intraperitoneal aerosol chemotherapy (PIPAC) is applied through laparoscopic access using two balloon trocars in an operating room equipped with laminar air-flow. In a first step,a normothermic capnoperitoneum is established with a pressure of 12 mmHg. A cytotoxic solution (about 10% of a normal systemic dose) is nebulized with a micropump into the abdominal cavity, and maintained for 30 min. The aerosol is then removed through a closed suction system. Applying an aerosol in the peritoneal cavity allows a homogeneous distribution of the chemotherapeutic agent within the abdomen. Furthermore, an artificial pressure gradient is generated that overcomes tumoral interstitial fluid pressure, an obstacle in cancer therapy. This results in a higher local drug concentration compared to conventional IP or IV chemotherapy. At the same time the plasma concentration of the chemotherapeutic agent remains low. In first clinical studies with limited number of patients in ovarian, gastric and colorectal cancer, as well as peritoneal mesothelioma, PIPAC has obtained encouraging tumor response rates and survival, with a low-side effects profile. Larger clinical trials are currently ongoing to examine if these data can be reproduced and extrapolated to other situations.Peritoneal carcinomatosis: a neglected disease
Normal and diseased peritoneum
Diagnosis and staging of peritoneal carcinomatosis
Therapy of peritoneal carcinomatosis
Assessing tumor response in peritoneal carcinomatosis
Principle of therapeutic capnoperitoneum
PIPAC Technology
Preclinical experiments
First PIPAC in-human application
Renal and liver toxicities
PIPAC in ovarian cancer
PIPAC in gastric cancer
PIPAC in colorectal cancer
PIPAC in mesothelioma
Quality of Life after PIPAC
PIPAC and HIPEC
Pressurized IntraThoracic Aerosol Chemotherapy (PITAC)
Future applications of therapeutic capnoperitoneum
Occupational health and safety aspects
PIPAC: Risks and dangers
Outlook
How to start a PIPAC program at your own institution?
Training and Standard Operating Procedures