Stickgold R., Walker M.P. (eds.) The Neuroscience of Sleep

New York: Academic Press, 2009. — 375 p.Sleep is the natural state of bodily rest, common to all mammals and birds and also seen in many reptiles, amphibians and fish. For most species, regular sleep is essential for survival, yet the specific purposes of sleep are still only partly clear and are the subject of intense research. This volume is comprised of the editors' selection of the most relevant articles on sleep from the Encyclopedia of Neuroscience, resulting in the first comprehensive collection of introductory articles on the neuroscience of sleep. Articles explore sleep's impact on neural functioning, sleep disorders, the relation between sleep and other clinical disorders, a look at sleep from a developmental perspective, and more. Chapters offer impressive scope with topics addressing neural functioning, disorders, development, and more, carefully selected by one of the most preeminent sleep researchers Richly illustrated in full color with over 100 figures Contributors represent the most outstanding scholarship in the field, with each chapter providing fully vetted and reliable expert knowledgeThe Neuroscience of SleepHistory of Sleep Research
REM Behavior Disorder
Further Reading
Definitions and Descriptions of Sleep
Sleep Architecture
Neurophysiological Basis of Sleep Stage Changes
Recent Discoveries Regarding the Brain in SleepFurther Reading
Confusional Arousals
REM Sleep Behavior DisorderFurther Reading
Slow-Wave and Rapid Eye Movement Sleep
Three Major Oscillations Define Slow-Wave Sleep
Fast Oscillations during REM Sleep and Wakefulness
Synaptic Plasticity Induced by Sleep Oscillations
Ponto-Geniculo-Occipital Waves
Further Reading
Non-Rapid Eye Movement Sleep
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep
Neuroimaging and Dreams
Further ReadingThe Basics: A Two-Stage Model of Memory Trace Formation
Hippocampal Replay of Waking Patterns during Sleep
Interactions between Neocortex and Hippocampus during SleepFurther Reading
Feedback and Rhythms
Network Reactivation Increases during Sleep
Characterization of Reactivation Properties
Reactivation at the Molecular Level
Dreams, Waking, and Sleep Mentation
Further Reading
Hundreds of Genes in the Brain Change Their Expression between Sleep and Waking
Three Functional Categories of Waking Genes Are Conserved from Flies to Mammals
The Expression of Several Genes Changes after Chronic, but Not Acute, Sleep LossFurther Reading
Ontogeny and Phylogeny of Sleep
Mammalian Sleep
Aquatic Mammals
Early Ontogeny of Mammalian Sleep
Avian Sleep
Early Ontogeny of Avian Sleep
Corticocortical Connectivity and SWS
Comparative Perspectives on the Functions of Sleep
Sleep in Invertebrates
Further Reading
Adolescent Development and the Waking Electroencephalogram
Adolescent Development and the Sleeping EEG
Homeostatic Process (Process S)
Circadian Timing (Process C)
Interaction of Process S and Process C
Sleep Habits and Adolescent Development
Further Reading
Treatment of Circadian Rhythm Disturbances
Medical and Psychiatric Illness and Insomnia
Pharmacological therapy
Significance of SDB in developmentRelevant Websites
Control of Sleep and Sleep States
Thalamic Pacemakers for Sleep Spindle Oscillations
Dialog between the Thalamus and Cortex: Emergence of Large-Scale Synchrony
Further Reading
Electrocortical and Behavioral Arousal: The Ascending Reticular Activating System
New Perspective on the ARAS
Sleep - Turning the Ascending Arousal System Off
Flip-Flop Switch Stability and the Lateral Hypothalamic Area
Circadian Regulation of Sleep
Hypothalamic Circadian Integrator for Sleep-Wake Regulation
Further Reading
Physiology of Histaminergic Neurons
Amines
Purines
H Receptors
H Receptors
H Receptors
Histamine and Synaptic Plasticity
Control of Waking and ArousalFurther Reading
TNF-alpha in Sleep Regulation
TNF Cell Biology
Brain Organization of Sleep and TNF-alpha
Regulation of REMS by Prolactin and Related Molecules
A Proposed Mechanism for PRL-Enhanced REMS
Further Reading
Projections and Role of Noradrenergic Locus Coeruleus Neurons in Arousal
Projections and Role of Serotonergic Raphe Neurons in Waking and Sleeping
Further Reading
Cholinergic Systems in the Brain
Cholinergic Systems and Cortical Activation of Waking
Cholinergic Systems and REM Sleep
Further Reading
Sleep Regulation: Wake-Active Dopamine Neurons
Dopaminergic Disorders and Sleep: PD
Dopamine and Stimulant-Induced Arousal
Further Reading
Sleep and Arousal States
Wiring Diagram
Intrinsic Properties
Slow-Wave Sleep
Muscle Tone and Locomotion
Stimulants
Arousal and Sleep Disorders
Further Reading
Etiology
Nightmare Frequency versus Nightmare Distress
Nightmares and Sleep Physiology
Case Report - Adult
Conclusion and Future Directions
Further Reading
Brain Death
Coma
MCS
Coma
Brain Death
VS
LIS
Further Reading
Circadian
Hierarchy and Cell-Autonomous Nature of Circadian Clocks in Mammals
Functional Differences between Circadian Clocks in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus, Peripheral Tissues, and Fibroblasts
The Search for Critical Output Signals of the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
Further Reading
Three Stages of Sleep Development
Sleep Regulation
Development of the Circadian System
Sleep and Circadian Development Continues throughout Life
Further Reading
Hundreds of Genes in the Brain Change Their Expression between Sleep and Waking
Three Functional Categories of Waking Genes Are Conserved from Flies to Mammals
The Expression of Several Genes Changes after Chronic, but Not Acute Sleep LossFurther Reading
Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders
Diagnosis
PathophysiologyFurther Reading
Subjective Measures of Fatigue and Alertness
Electroencephalographic and Ocular Measures
Interindividual and Intraindividual Variability
Forced Desynchrony
Accident Risk
Further Reading
Pharmacology of Sleep
Modafinil Pharmacology
Amphetamine Pharmacology
Caffeine
Further Reading
General Pharmacology of Sleep
Adenosine as a Potential Target of Hypnotics
Adenosine Receptors as Therapeutic Targets
Nucleoside Transporters as Therapeutic Targets
Allosteric Modulators as Therapeutic Agents
Allosteric Modulators of the A Adenosine Receptor Subtype
Adenosine as a Therapeutic Agent for Other Diseases
Further Reading
Sleep Function
Key Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone
Further Reading
Human Models
Animal Models
Sleep Deprivation in Humans
Further Reading
Thermoregulatory Responses to Thermal Challenge Are Influenced by Sleep
Temperature-Sensing Neurons in the Hypothalamus Control Body Temperature
Acute Sleep Deprivation: Interactions with Circadian Control of Body Temperature
Thermoregulatory Changes Influence Sleep Onset and Sleep Maintenance
Further Reading
Dreaming
Cardiovascular Reflexes Mediating Autonomic Activity
Measures of Autonomic Cardiovascular Regulation
REM Sleep and Heart Rate/Rhythm
REM Sleep and Autonomics in the Setting of Cardiovascular Disease
Further Reading
Memory Categories
Memory Stages
Sleep and Memory Encoding
Declarative Memory
Motor learning
Procedural memory and daytime naps
Overnight Reorganization of Memory Representations
Further Reading
History of Sleep Research
Sleep Deprivation and the Propensity to Fall Asleep
Sleep Deprivation and Basic Cognitive and Psychomotor Performance
Sleep Deprivation, Mood, and Emotion
Polysomnography and Waking EEG and Electrooculography Effects of Chronic Sleep Restriction
Differential Neurobehavioral Vulnerability to Sleep Loss
Further Reading
Functional Neuroimaging Studies of Sleep Deprivation
Learning Tasks
Working Memory
Compensatory Recruitment Hypothesis
Further Reading
Changes in Napping Behaviors across the Life Span
Physiological Evidence for 'Nap Zone'
Behavioral Markers for the 'Nap' Zone
Napping in Sleep-Deprived ConditionsRelevant Website
Sleep Disorders
Sleep Apneas Are Neurally Mediated
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Central Sleep Apnea
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Future Directions
Further Reading
Dissociated REM Sleep in Narcolepsy
Neurobiology of the Hypocretin Systems and Relevance to Narcolepsy
Is Narcolepsy an Autoimmune Disorder?
Narcolepsy without Cataplexy
Therapies for Narcolepsy
Further Reading
Clinical Features of Cataplexy
Physiological and Pathophysiological Aspects of Cataplexy
Cataplexy and Hypocretin/Orexin Deficiency
Relevant Website
Historical Notes and Current Prevalence
Stages of Sleeping Sickness, Treatment, and Neurological Signs
Neuropathological Findings
Neuroinflammation in Trypanosoma brucei-Infected Rodents
Involvement of Neural Centers That Regulate Circadian Rhythms and Sleep
The Blood-Brain Barrier and Implications for Treatment
Further Reading
Dreaming
Carryover Effects of REM Dreaming
Sleep paralysis episodes
Effects of REM deprivation on consolidation
Dream Content and Memory Consolidation
REM deprivation and depressionFurther Reading
Changes in the Brain and in the Body during Sleep; Changes in Consciousness
Formal Analysis of Dream Content
Input-Output Gating
Efferent Copy Generation
Convergence of Physiology, Psychology, and Philosophy
AIM: An Integrated Model of the Human Brain Mind
Further Reading
The Activation-Synthesis Model
Hallucinatory Quality
Personal Motives, Values, and Emotions
Circadian Influences on Sleep Mentation
Sleep State Ambiguity and Mentation Features
Further Reading
Dream Recall and Nightmare-Related PTSD
Victims of War and Violence
Sensitization Hypothesis of PTSD Nightmares
Potential Psychophysiological and Neurobiological Underpinnings of PTSD-Related Nightmares
Imagery Rescripting and Rehearsal
Other Pharmacological Agents
Relevant Websites
Nightmare Prevalence and Correlates
Boundary permeability
Threat simulation
REM sleep desomatization
Affective network dysfunction
Further Reading
Manipulation of Presleep Experience in the Sleep Laboratory
Incorporation of Presleep Experience into Sleep Onset Dreaming
Form of Waking Experience Incorporations
Emotional Value and Waking Experience Incorporation
Recent Memories, Dreaming, and Memory Consolidation
Neural Basis for Dream Incorporation of Recent Events: Connection to Declarative Memory Consolidation?
Further Reading