Osprey Campaign №246. Haythornthwaite P. Borodino 1812: Napoleon’s Great Gamble

Osprey Publishing, 2012. — 98 p. — ISBN: 1-84908-696-7. Losses in die expedition to Russia are difficult to estimate, but Napoleon probably lost about 370,000 men dead and 200,000 captured, of whom at least half would not survive; he also lost about 1,000 cannon. Russian losses in die campaign were probably about 150,000 dead and countless wounded. Despite the errors that preceded and followed it, a pivotal factor of the campaign, and perhaps of the fate of his entire empire, had been Napoleon's failure to annihilate the Russian army at Borodino; and the determination of the gallant Russians who had defended their homeland to the last extremity.