Ramakrishna H.K. Medical Statistics: For Beginners

Springer Science+Business Media Singapore. 2016. — 181 p. — ISBN: 9811019223.This book deals with statistics in medicine in a simple way. The text is supported by abundant examples from medical data. This book aims to explain and simplify the process of data presentation. Further aspects addressed include how to design and conduct clinical trials, and how to write journal articles.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made.My Journey from a Rural Surgeon to an Author
Understanding Biostatistics, Probability, and Tests of Significance
Skewed Distribution CurveUnderstanding Basic Statistical Terms
Measures of Central Tendency
Measures of Dispersion or Spread
Variance and Standard Deviation
Confi dence Interval and Confi dence Level
Errors Type 1 and Type 2 (Alpha and Beta, Respectively)
Factors Increasing Type II Error (False Negativity)
Conditional Probability
Independence
Normal or Gaussian Distribution and Skewed DistributionTests of Significance
Chi-Square Test or Simply Chi Test
Fisher’s Exact Test
Formula for Fisher’s Test
Is the Symbol for Factorial
Student’s T-Test or Gosset’s Test
One- and Two-Tailed Tests
Paired T Tests
ANOVA
Which Test to Use?
Mann–Whitney–Wilcoxon (MWW) TestOther Commonly Used Concepts
ANalysis Of Variance (ANOVA)
Rank Test: Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test
Risk and Risk Ratio
Odds
Odds Ratio
Relative Risk Reduction (RRR), Absolute Risk Reduction (ARR),
and Number Needed to Treat (NNT)
Correlation: Relation Between Two Factors
Positive Correlation
Negative Correlation
Correlation Coeffi cient ( r )
Regression
Linear Regression
Other Types of Regressions
Logistic Regression
Multiple Regression: To Predict an Outcome
The Poisson Regression (Distribution)
Cox Regression
Survival Analysis
Kaplan–Meier Estimator or Survival Graph
Multivariate Analysis
Power of a StudyDesigning a Study/Clinical Trial/Dissertation, Etc
General Considerations
Concerns While Designing a Trial
Negative Results
Teamwork
Phases of Trials: Applies to New Drugs
Some Commonly Used Terms
Parallel Studies and Crossover Study
Planning and Pilot Study
Sample Size
Pilot Study
Collection and Compilation of Data
Data
Types of Study
Data Collection
Bias
Sampling
Sampling Errors and Nonsampling Errors
Data Analysis and Inference
Presentation of Data and Results
Tables
Bar Chart
Pie Chart
Line Chart
Area Chart
Doughnut Chart
Histogram
Difference Between Histogram and Bar Chart
Clinical Audit
Clinical Audit Versus Research
Clinical Audit Is an Ongoing Process
Problems with AuditWriting an Article for Journals
Clear Message
Type of the Articles
Quality Indicators of a Journal
Indexing
Impact Factor
Uniform Requirement for Manuscript Submission
What Happens After Submission?
Common Reasons for Rejection of Article or Article Sent Back
for Changes (Problems in the Article)
Best Chance of Acceptance
Plagiarism
Peer ReviewLiterature Review
Scholarly Databases
Limitations and Issues
Open-Access Journals
Publish or Perish?Evidence-Based Medicine
What Is EBM?
Why Do We Need EBM?
How?
The Five-Step Approach to EBM
Benefi ts of EBM
Limitations of EBMModel Example
Postoperative Management Protocol to Be Followed
Results
Paper