Alpert C.J., Mehta D.P., Sapatnekar S.S. (eds.) Handbook of Algorithms for Physical Design Automation

CRC Press, 2009. — 1044.The physical design flow of any project depends upon the size of the design, the technology, the number of designers, the clock frequency, and the time to do the design. As technology advances and design-styles change, physical design flows are constantly reinvented as traditional phases are removed and new ones are added to accommodate changes in technology.
Handbook of Algorithms for Physical Design Automation provides a detailed overview of VLSI physical design automation, emphasizing state-of-the-art techniques, trends and improvements that have emerged during the previous decade. After a brief introduction to the modern physical design problem, basic algorithmic techniques, and partitioning, the book discusses significant advances in floorplanning representations and describes recent formulations of the floorplanning problem. The text also addresses issues of placement, net layout and optimization, routing multiple signal nets, manufacturability, physical synthesis, special nets, and designing for specialized technologies. It includes a personal perspective from Ralph Otten as he looks back on the major technical milestones in the history of physical design automation.
Although several books on this topic are currently available, most are either too broad or out of date. Alternatively, proceedings and journal articles are valuable resources for researchers in this area, but the material is widely dispersed in the literature. This handbook pulls together a broad variety of perspectives on the most challenging problems in the field, and focuses on emerging problems and research results.Part I Introduction
Introduction to Physical Design
Layout Synthesis: A Retrospective
Metrics Used in Physical Design
Part II Foundations
Basic Data Structures
Basic Algorithmic Techniques
Optimization Techniques for Circuit Design Applications
Partitioning and Clustering
Part III Floorplanning
Floorplanning: Early Research
Slicing Floorplans
Floorplan Representations
Packing Floorplan Representations
Recent Advances in Floorplanning
Industrial Floorplanning and Prototyping
Part IV Placement
Placement: Introduction/Problem Formulation
Partitioning-Based Methods
Placement Using Simulated Annealing
Analytical Methods in Placement
Force-Directed and Other Continuous Placement Methods
Enhancing Placement with Multilevel Techniques
Legalization and Detailed Placement
Timing-Driven Placement
Congestion-Driven Physical Design
Part V Net Layout and Optimization
Global Routing Formulation and Maze Routing
Minimum Steiner Tree Construction
Timing-Driven Interconnect Synthesis
Buffer Insertion Basics
Generalized Buffer Insertion
Buffering in the Layout Environment
Wire Sizing
Part VI Routing Multiple Signal Nets
Estimation of Routing Congestion
Rip-Up and Reroute
Optimization Techniques in Routing
Global Interconnect Planning
Coupling Noise
Part VII Manufacturability and Detailed Routing
Modeling and Computational Lithography
CMP Fill Synthesis: A Survey of Recent Studies
Yield Analysis and Optimization
Manufacturability-Aware Routing
Part VIII Physical Synthesis
Placement-Driven Synthesis Design Closure Tool
X Architecture Place and Route: Physical Design for the X Interconnect Architecture
Part IX Designing Large Global Nets
Inductance Effects in Global Nets
Clock Network Design: Basics
Practical Issues in Clock Network Design
Power Grid Design
Part X Physical Design for Specialized Technologies
Field-Programmable Gate Array Architectures
FPGA Technology Mapping, Placement, and Routing
Physical Design for Three-Dimensional Circuits