Ikoku Chi U. Natural Gas Reservoir Engineering

The Pennsylvania State University
Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida, 1992. - 517 p.
This book presents a comprehensive and rigorous treatment of the technology of producing and transporting natural gas. The design of a development plan for a natural gas field always depends on the reservoir and well characteristics, tubing and flowline performance, and compressor and processing equipment characteristics. This text emphasizes a systems approach to natural gas production, since change in each component will affect the performance of the other components.NomenclatureDevelopment of Natural Gas
Types of Natural Gas Accumulations
Conventional Natural Gas
Gas in Tight Sands
Gas in Tight Shales
Methane Gas Occluded in Coal
Natural Gas from Geopressured ReservoirsProperties Of Natural Gases And Condensate SystemsComposition of Natural Gas
Phase Behavior
The Ideal Gas
Boyle's Law
Charles' Law
Boyle's and Charles' Laws
Avogadro's Law
The Ideal Gas Law
Properties of Gaseous Mixtures
Composition
Apparent Molecular Weight
Behavior of Real Gases
Real Gas Equation of State
The Theorem of Corresponding States
Determination of z-factor
Supercompressibility
Other Equations of State
Compressibility of Natural Gases
Viscosity of Natural Gases
Gas Formation Volume Factor and Expansion Factor
Water Vapor Content of Natural Gas
Two-Phase Systems
API Gravity
Gas Gravity of Total Well Stream
Two-Phase z-factor
Some Gas Conversion EquationsConcepts of ThermodynamicsSystem
Energy and Energy Balances
Enthalpy Change, ΔН
Specific Heats
Effect of Pressnre on Specific Heat and Enthalpy
Entropy, S
Calculation of Molal Specific Entropy, S
The Enthalpy-Entropy Diagram (Mollier Diagram)Separation And ProcessingGas and Liquid Separation
Internal Construction of Separators
Types of Separators
Factors Affecting Separation
Separator Design
Stage Separation
Low-temperature Separation
Dehydration of Natural Gas
Water Content of Natural Gas Streams (No Deleterious Containments)
Hydrate Control in Gas Production
Dehydration Systems
Glycol Dehydrator Design
Removal of Acid GasesCompression Of Natural GasTypes of Compressors
Jet Compressors
Rotary Compressors
Reciprocating Compressors
Reciprocating Compressors
The Process
Volumetric Efficiency
Ideal Isentropic Horsepower
Actual Horsepower
"Quickie" Charts
Centrifugal Compressors
Compression Calculations
Rotary Blowers
DesignNatural Gas MeasurementMethods of Measurement
Volumetric Measurement
Displacement Metering
Differential Pressure Methods
Turbine Meter
Elbow Meter
Orifice Meter
Basic Orifice Meter Equation
The General Orifice-Meter Equation
Computation of Volumes
Recording Charts
Orifice Meter Selection
Uncertainties in Flow Measurements
Mass-Flow Meter
Natural Gas Liquid MeasurementGas Gathering And TransportationReynolds Number and Friction Factor
The Reynolds Number, N_Re
Relative Roughness, e/D
Equations for the Friction Factor, f(N_Re, e/D)
Total Pressure Drop
Pipeline-Flow Calculations
Pipeline Equation
Weymouth Equation–Horizontal Flow
Effects of Assumptions
Weymouth Equation–Nonhorizontal Row
Panhandle A Equation–Horizontal Flow
Modified Panhandled (Panhandle B) Equation–Horizontal Flow
Clinedinst Equation–Horizontal Flow
Pipeline Efficiency
Transmission Factors
Summary of Pipeline Equations
Gas Flow in Series, Parallel, and Looped Pipelines
Series Pipelines
Parallel Pipelines
Looped Pipelines
Extensions to Other Pipeline Equations
Gas-Liquid Flow in Pipelines
Dukler Case II Correlation
The Flanigan Correlation
The Beggs and Brill Correlation
Application of Multiphase Flow Correlations
Pipeline EconomicsGas Well PerformanceStatic and Flowing Bottom-Hole Pressures
Basic Energy Equation
Adjusting for Liquid Production
Static Bottom-Hole Pressure
Average Temperature and Deviation Factor Method
Sukkar and Cornell Method
Cullendar and Smith Method
Flowing Bottom-Hole Pressure
Average Temperature and Deviation Factor Method
The Sukkar and Cornell Method
The Cullender and Smith Method
Accuracy of Calculated Bottom-Hole Pressures
Annular Flow
Gas-Liquid Flow in Wells
Flow Regimes
Gravity Adjustment
The Hagedorn and Brown Method
The Orfciszewski Method
Prepared Pressure Traverse Curves
Gas Flow Through Restrictions
Gas Well Performance Curves
Inflow Performance Relationship
Outflow Performance Curves
Tubing Performance Curves
Liquid Loading in Gas Wells
Flow Rate for Continuous Liquid Removal
Methods for Unloading LiquidPhysical Properties
Separator Sizing Tables
Glycol Dehydrator Design Tables
Orifice Meter Tables For Natural Gas
Tables Applying to Orifice Flow Constants for Flange
Tap Installations
Tables Applying to Orifice Flow Constants for Pipe Tap Installations
Tables Applying to Orifice Flow Constants for both Flange Tap and Pipe Tap Installations
Extended Sukkar-Cornell Integral For Bottom-Hole Pressure Calculation