Speight J.G., Ozum B. Petroleum Refining Processes

Marcel Dekker, Inc.: 2002. - 722 p. ISBN:0824705998.
This work highlights contemporary approaches to resource utilization and provides comprehensive coverage of technological advances in residuum conversion. It illustrates state-of-the-art engineering methods for the refinement of heavy oils, bitumen, and other high-sulphur feedstocks.
The book is divided into three parts: "Feedstock Terminology, Availability, and Evaluation", "Engineering Aspects of Refining", and "'Refining". Each part takes the render through the steps necessary fur crude oil evaluation and refining.
Part I (Chapters 1-4) duals with the prerefining steps and outlines how to evaluate a feedstock prior to applying refining processes.
Part II (Chapters 5-12) will be of particular interest to the engineer who needs to understand the mathematics of chemical reaction, reaction kinetics, transport phenomena, and reactor engineering. Part III (Chapters 13-20) describes in detail, with relevant process data, the various processes that can be applied to a variety of feedstocks. All processes are described with sufficient detail to explain their operation.
By presenting the evolutionary changes that have occurred to date, this book will satisfy the needs of engineers and scientists at all levels from academia to the refinery, helping them to understand the refining processes and prepare for new changes in the industry.Feedstock Terminology, Availability, and EvaluationDefinitions and TerminologyIntroduction
Native Materials
Petroleum
Heavy Oil
Bitumen
Bituminous Rock And Bituminous Sand
Natural Gas
Wax
Kerogen
Derived Materials
Manufactured Materials
Residuum (Residua)
Asphalt
Coke
Wax
Synthetic Crude Oil
Coal Liquids
Shale OilOccurrence And AvailabilityIntroduction
Reserves
Conventional Petroleum
Natural Gas
Heavy Oil
Bitumen (Extra Heavy Oil)CompositionUltimate (Elemental) Composition
Chemical Composition
Bulk (Fractional) Composition
Solvent Treatment
Adsorption Methods
Chemical Methods
Use of the DataTesting and EvaluationIntroduction
Physical Properties
Elemental (Ultimate) Analysis
Density and Specific Gravity
Viscosity
Thermal Properties
Volatility
Liquefaction and Solidification
Carbon Residue
Aniline Point
Heat of Combustion
Pressure-Volume-Temperature Relationships
Critical Properties
Use of the DataEngineering Aspects of RefiningReaction StoichiometryStoichiometry of Chemical Reactions
Stoichiometrically Independent Reactions
Material Balance for a Single Reaction
Measure of Concentration
Concentration Changes with a Single Reaction
Conversion
Concentration Changes with Several Reactions
Reaction Rate
Concentration Changes in Continuous MixturesChemical KineticsChemical Kinetics
Thermodynamics and Reaction Kinetic
Reaction Rates and Chemical Equilibrium
Steady-State Approximation and Catalysis
Concentration Change Measurements and Reaction Rates
Reaction Severity
Propagation, Branching, and Autocatalysis
Arrhenius Relation and Its ImportanceThermochemistry and Chemical EquilibriumHeat of Formation and Heat of Reaction
First Law of Thermodynamics
Second Law of Thermodynamics: Chemical EquilibriumKinetic Measurements and Data AnalysisKinetic Models and Calculation of Rate Constants
Kinetic Rate Constants in Gas-Solid Reactions
Material Balances for Different Types of Reactors
Batch Reactor
Continuous Flow Stirred Tank Reactor
Plug Flow Tubular Reactor
Axially Dispersed Tubular Reactor
Experimental Errors
Correction CalculationsReactor DesignIntroduction
Continuous Flow Stirred Tank Reactors
Mass Balance for Continuous Flow Stirred Tank Reactors
Reactor Volume and Reactor Optimization
Independence of Material Balances
Energy Balance for Continuous Flow Stirred Tank Reactors
Reactor Design and Reactor Stability for Continuous Flow Stirred Tank Reactors
Stability Analysis for Continuous Flow Stirred Tank Reactors
Batch Reactors
Mass Balance for Batch Reactors
Energy Balance for Batch Reactors
Plug Flow Tubular Reactors
Mass Balance for Plug Flow Tubular Reactors
Energy Balance for Plug Flow Tubular Reactors
Axially Dispersed Tubular Reactors
Mass Balance for Axially Dispersed Tubular Reactors
Energy Balance for Axially Dispersed Tubular ReactorsMixing in Flow Systems and ReactorsResidence Time Distribution
Ideal Flow Systems
Continuous Flow Stirred Tank Reactors with Perfect Mixing
Piston Flow Tubular Reactors
Mean, Moments, and Distribution Functions
Residence Time Distribution Measurement Techniques
Residence Time Distribution Models
Dispersion Models for Tubular Reactors
Dispersion Models for Axial Distribution Tubular ReactorsTransport PhenomenaIntroduction
Formulation of Property Balance Equations
Momentum Transfer (Fluid Dynamics)
General Properties of the Navier-Stokes Equation and Its Solutions
Exact Solutions (Laminar Viscous Flow)
Approximate Solutions
Turbulent Flow
Heat Transfer
Energy Balance (Equation of Energy)
Integration of the Thermal Energy Equation
Steady-State Heat Conduction
Unsteady-State Heat Conduction
Convective Heat Transfer in Laminar Flow
Mass Transfer
Equation of Changes in Multicomponent Systems
Similarity in Mass, Momentum, and Energy Transfer
Forced Convective Mass Transfer in Laminar Viscous Flow
Forced Convective Mass Transfer in Turbulent Flow
Computational Fluid DynamicsHeterogeneous Gas-Solid Reactions and Heterogeneous CatalysisReaction Regimes in Heterogeneous Gas-Solid Reactions
Combustion and Gasification
Heterogeneous Catalysts
Interaction of Reactants with Heterogeneous Catalysts
Mechanism of Heterogeneous Catalysis
Active Sites
Selectivity and Catalytic Activity
Thermodynamics of Adsorption
Reaction Pathways in Heterogeneous Catalysis
Adsorption
Chemisorption and Reaction Rate in Heterogeneous Catalysts
Langmuir-Hinshelwood Model
Apparent Activation EnergiesRefiningPretreatment and DistillationIntroduction
Pretreatment
Distillation
Atmospheric Distillation
Vacuum Distillation
Other Processes
Stripping
Rerunning
Stabilization and Light End Removal
Superfractionation
Azeotropic Distillation and Extractive DistillationThermal CrackingThermal Cracking
Visbreaking
Coking
Delayed Coking
Fluid Coking and Flexicoking
Other ProcessesCatalytic CrackingIntroduction
Fixed-Bed Processes
Moving-Bed Processes
Fluid-Bed Processes
Process Variables
Feedstock Quality
Feedstock Preheating
Feedstock Pressure
Feedstock Conversion
Reactor Temperature
Recycle Rate
Space Velocity
Catalyst Activity
Catalyst/Oil Ratio
Regenerator Temperature
Regenerator Air Rate
Catalysts
Catalyst Types
Catalyst Manufacture
Catalyst Selectivity
Catalyst Deactivation
Catalyst Stripping
Catalyst TreatmentHydrotreatingIntroduction
Hydrodesulfurization
Process Configuration
Downflow Fixed-Bed Reactor
Upflow Expanded-Bed Reactor
Demetallization Reactor (Guard Bed Reactor)
Catalysts
Distillate Hydrodesulfurization
Processes
Process Parameters
Residuum Hydrodesulfurization
Processes
Process ParametersHydrocrackingIntroduction
Processes and Process Design
CANMET Process
Gulf HDS Process
H-G Hydrocracking Process
H-Oil Process
IFP Hydrocracking Process
Isocracking Process
LC-Fining Process
MAKfining HDC Process
Microcat-RC Process
Mild Hydrocracking Process
MRH Process
RCD Unibon (BOC) Process
Residfining Process
Residue Hydroconversion Process
Unicracking Process
Veba Combi-Cracking Process
CatalystsThe Next Generation ProcessIntroduction
Thermal (Carbon Rejection) Processes
Asphalt Coking Technology Process
Cherry-P (Comprehensive Heavy Ends Reforming Refinery) Process
Deep Thermal Conversion Process
ET-II Process
Eureka Process
Fluid Thermal Cracking Process
High Conversion Soaker Cracking Process
Tervahl Process
Catalytic Cracking (Carbon Rejection) Processes
Asphalt Residua Treating Process
Heavy Oil Treating Process
R2R Process
Reduced Crude Oil Conversion Process
Residual Fluid Catalytic Cracking Process
Shell FCC Process
S&W Fluid Catalytic Cracking Process
Hydrogen Addition Processes
Asphaltenic Bottoms Cracking Process
Hydrovisbreaking (HYCAR) Process
Hyvahl F Process
Solvent Processes
Deasphalting Process
Deep Solvent Deasphalting Process
Demex Process
MDS Process
Residuum Oil Supercritical Extraction Process
Solvahl ProcessProduct ImprovementIntroduction
Desulfurization and Heteroatom Removal
Hydrotreating
Hydrogen Sulfide Removal
Reforming
Thermal Reforming
Catalytic Reforming
Dehydrogenation
Catalysts
Isomerization
Process Types
Commercial Processes
Catalysts
Alkylation
Process Types
Commercial Processes
Catalysts
Polymerization
Process Types
Commercial Processes
CatalystsHydrogen ProductionIntroduction
Process Variables
Feedstocks
Process Chemistry
Commercial Processes
Heavy Residue Gasification and Combined Cycle Power Generation
Hybrid Gasification Process
Hydrocarbon Gasification
Hypro Process
Shell Gasification (Partial Oxidation) Process
Steam-Methane Reforming
Steam-Naphtha Reforming
Synthesis Gas Generation
Texaco Gasification (Partial Oxidation) Process
Catalysts
Reforming Catalysts
Shift Conversion Catalysts
Methanation Catalysts
Hydrogen Purification
Wet Scrubbing
Pressure Swing Adsorption Units
Membrane Systems
Cryogenic SeparationGlossary
Conversion Factors and SI Units
Index