Kidnay A.J., Parrish W.R. Fundamentals of Natural Gas Processing

CRC Press, 2006. — 429 p. — ISBN: 0849334063.Fundamentals of Natural Gas Processing explores the natural gas industry from the wellhead to the marketplace. It compiles information from the open literature, meeting proceedings, and experts to accurately depict the state of gas processing technology today and highlight technologies that could become important in the future.This book covers advantages, limitations, and ranges of applicability of major gas plant processes to provide a sound understanding from system fundamentals to selection, operation, and integration into the overall gas plant. It also describes the major operations involved in bringing the gas to the plant, information not usually discussed in most gas processing books. Comprehensive chapters cover field operations, inlet receiving, compression, dehydration, hydrocarbon recovery, nitrogen rejection, liquids processing, sulfur recovery, and the increasingly popular liquefied natural gas industry, focusing on liquefaction, storage, and transportation. The book also discusses plant economics, offering ways to make initial cost estimates of selected processes and determine capital costs of gas processing facilities.Overview of Natural Gas IndustryThe World Picture for Natural Gas.
Natural Gas in United States.
Nonconventional Gas Reserves in United States.
Sources of Natural Gas.
Natural Gas Compositions
Traditional Natural Gas.
Important Impurities.
Coal Bed Methane.
Subquality Gas.
Classification
Liquids Content.
Sulfur Content.
Processing and Principal Products
Methane.
Ethane.
Propane.
Ethane – Propane Mix.
Isobutane.
n-Butane.
Natural Gas Liquids.
Natural Gasoline.
Sulfur.
Product Specifications
Natural Gas.
Liquid Products.
Combustion Characteristics
Heating Value.
Wobbe Number.Overview of Gas Plant ProcessingRoles of Gas Plants.
Plant Processes
Field Operations and Inlet Receiving.
Inlet Compression.
Gas Treating.
Dehydration.
Hydrocarbon Recovery.
Nitrogen Rejection.
Helium Recovery.
Outlet Compression.
Liquids Processing.
Sulfur Recovery.
Storage and Transportation.
Liquefaction.
Important Support Components
Utilities.
Process Control.
Safety Systems.
Contractual Agreements and Economics
Fee-Based Contracts.
Percentage of Proceeds Contracts.
Wellhead Purchase Contracts.
Fixed Efficiency Contracts.
Keep Whole Contracts.Field Operations and Inlet ReceivingIntroduction.
Field Operations
Wellhead Operations.
Piping.
Compression Stations.
Pigging.
Gas Hydrates
Properties.
Hydrate Formation Prediction.
Hydrate Inhibition.
Inlet Receiving
Separator Principles.
Slug Catcher Configurations.
Safety and Environmental ConsiderationsCompressionIntroduction.
Fundamentals
Thermodynamics of Compression.
Multistaging.
Compressor Efficiencies.
Compressor Types
Positive Displacement Compressors.
Dynamic Compressors.
Capacity and Power Calculations
Capacity.
Power Requirements.
Comparison of Reciprocating and Centrifugal Compressors.
Safety and Environmental ConsiderationsGas TreatingThe Problem.
Acid Gas Concentrations in Natural Gas.
Purification Levels.
Acid Gas Disposal.
Purification Processes.
Solvent Absorption Processes
Amines.
Alkali Salts.
Physical Absorption
Solvent Properties.
Representative Process Conditions.
Hybrid Processes.
Adsorption.
Cryogenic Fractionation.
Membranes
Membrane Fundamentals.
Carbon Dioxide Removal from Natural Gas.
Operating Considerations.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Membrane Systems.
Nonregenerable Hydrogen Sulfide Scavengers.
Biological Processes.
Safety and Environmental Considerations
Amines.
Physical Absorption.
Adsorption.
Membranes.Gas DehydrationIntroduction.
Water Content of Hydrocarbons.
Gas Dehydration Processes
Absorption Processes.
Adsorption Processes.
Desiccant Processes.
Membrane Processes.
Other Processes.
Comparison of Dehydration Processes.
Safety and Environmental ConsiderationsHydrocarbon RecoveryRetrograde Condensation.
Process Components
External Refrigeration.
Turboexpansion.
Heat Exchange.
Fractionation.
Recovery Processes
Dew Point Control and Fuel Conditioning.
Lower Ethane Recovery.
High Ethane Recovery.
Safety and Environmental ConsiderationsNitrogen RejectionNitrogen Rejection for Gas Upgrading.
Cryogenic Distillation.
Pressure Swing Adsorption.
Membranes.
Nitrogen Rejection for Enhanced Oil Recovery.
Safety and Environmental Considerations.Trace-Component Recovery or RemovalHydrogen.
Oxygen.
Radon (NORM).
Arsenic.
HeliumRecovery Methods.
Mercury
Environmental Considerations.
Amalgam Formation.
Removal Processes.
(BTEX) Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and XyleneLiquids ProcessingCondensate Processing.
Sweetening.
Dehydration.
NGL Processing.
Sweetening.
Dehydration.
Fractionation.
Safety and Environmental Considerations.Sulfur RecoveryProperties of Sulfur.
Sulfur Recovery Processes.
Claus Process.
Claus Tail Gas Cleanup.
Sulfur Storage.
Safety and Environmental Considerations.Transportation and StorageGas.
Transportation.
Market Centers.
Storage.
Liquids.
Transportation.
Storage.Liquefied Natural GasPeak Shaving Plants and Satellite Facilities.
Baseload Plants and Stranded Reserves.
Gas Treating before Liquefaction
Liquefaction Cycles
Joule-Thomson Cycles.
Expander Cycles.
Cascade Cycles.
Storage of LNG
Cryogenic Aboveground Storage.
Cryogenic In Ground Storage.
Rollover.
Transportation
Truck Transport.
Pipelines.
Marine Transport.
Regasification and Cold Utilization of LNG
Regasification.
Cold Utilization.
Economics
Liquefaction Costs.
Shipping Costs.
Regasification Terminal Costs.
Plant Efficiency.
Safety and Environmental ConsiderationsCapital Costs of Gas Processing FacilitiesBasic Premises for Cost Data.
Amine Treating.
Glycol Dehydration.
NGL Recovery with Straight Refrigeration (Low Ethane Recovery).
NGL Recovery with Cryogenic Processing (High Ethane Recovery).
Sulfur Recovery and Tail Gas Cleanup.
High Sulfur Recovery Rates.
Low Sulfur Recovery Rates.
NGL Extraction Plant Costs for Larger Facilities.
Corrections to Cost Data.Natural Gas Processing PlantsIntroduction.
Plant with Sweet Gas Feed and % Ethane Recovery
Overview of Plant Feed and Product Slate.
Compression.
Heat Exchange.
Dehydration.
Propane Refrigeration.
Hydrocarbon Recovery.
Amine Treating.
Deethanizer.
Residue Compression.
Plant with Sour Gas Feed, NGL, and Sulfur Recovery
Overview of Plant Feed and Product Slate.
Inlet Receiving.
Inlet Compression.
Gas Treating.
Sulfur Recovery.
Dehydration.
Hydrocarbon Recovery.
Liquids Processing.
Plant with Sour Gas Feed, NGL Recovery, and Nitrogen Rejection
Overview of Plant Feed and Product Slate.
Inlet Receiving.
Gas Treating.
Sulfur Recovery.
Dehydration.
NRU and Cold Box.
Liquids Processing.Appendix A Glossary of Gas Process Terminology.Appendix B Physical Constants and Physical Properties.Unit Conversion Factors.
Gas Constants and Standard Gas Conditions.
Thermodynamic and Physical Property Data.
Hydrocarbon Compressibility Factors.