Abdel-Aal H.K., Aggour M., Fahim M.A. Petroleum and Gas Field Processing

Marcel Dekker, 2003. — 358 p. — ISBN 0824756147.The immediate product extracted from oil and gas wells consists of mixtures of oil, gas, and water that is difficult to transport, requiring a certain amount of field processing. This reference analyzes principles and procedures related to the processing of reservoir fluids for the separation, handling, treatment, and production of quality petroleum oil and gas products.
It details strategies in equipment selection and system design, field development and operation, and process simulation and control to increase plant productivity and safety and avoid losses during purification, treatment, storage, and export. Providing guidelines for developing efficient and economical treatment systems, the book features solved design examples that demonstrate the application of developed design equations as well as review problems and exercises of key engineering concepts in petroleum field development and operation.Oil and Gas: From Formation to ProductionIntroductory Remarks
Formation And Accumulation Of Oil And Gas
Formation of Oil and Gas
Accumulation of Oil and Gas
Types Of Petroleum Reservoir
Geologic Classification of Petroleum Reservoirs
Reservoir Drive Mechanisms
Finding Oil And Gas Exploration
Geologic Survey
Geophysical Surveys
Exploratory Drilling
Development Of Oil And Gas Fields
Drilling Engineering And Operations
Drilling the Well
Casing the Well
Cementing the Casing
Reservoir Engineering Role And Functions
Estimation of Reserves
Well Location, Spacing, and Production Rates
Reservoir Simulation
Reservoir Management
Improved Petroleum Recovery
Production Engineering Role And Functions
Well Completion Design
Tubing Design
Completion and Workover Operations
Producing the WellReview QuestionsComposition and Characteristics of Crude Petroleum: A Brief ReviewGeneral
Crude Oil Composition
Chemical Approach
Physical Methods
Crude Oil Comparisons And Crude Oil Assay
Crude Oil Classifications And Characterization
Classifications
Characterization FactorsSeparation of Produced FluidsTwo-Phase Gas–Oil SeparationIntroduction
The Separation Problem
Theory Of Gas–Oil Separation
Methods Of Separation
Gas–Oil Separation Equipment
Functional Components of a Gas–Oil Separator
Design Principles And Sizing Of Gas–Oil Separators
Assumptions
Fundamentals
Settling of Oil Droplets
Gas Capacity of Separators
Liquid Capacity of Separators
Sizing Vertical Gas–Oil Separators
Sizing Horizontal Gas–Oil Separators
Optimum Pressure For Gas–Oil SeparatorsPressure Profile of a Three-Stage GOSP
Determination of the Optimum Second-Stage Operating Pressure
Selections And Performance Of Gas–Oil Separators
Flash CalculationsConditions Necessary for Flashing
The Flash Equation
Some Important Applications for the Flash EquationReview Questions And Exercise ProblemsThree-Phase Oil–Water–Gas SeparationHorizontal Three-Phase Separators
Vertical Three-Phase Separators
Separation Theory
Separator Sizing Equations And Rules
Sizing Equations For Horizontal Separators
Sizing Equation For Vertical SeparatorsReview Questions And Exercise ProblemsTreatment of Produced Fluids: Crude Oil and WaterEmulsion Treatment and Dehydration of Crude OilIntroduction
Oil Emulsions
Energy of Agitation
Emulsifying Agents
Dehydration/Treating Processes
Removal of Free Water
Resolution of Emulsified Oil
Treating the Emulsion
Heating
Benefits and Drawbacks of Heating
Methods of Heating Oil Emulsions
Heat Requirement
Types of Heater Treater
Chemical Treatment
Electrical Aid
Chemielectric Dehydratros (Emulsion Treaters)
Design Of Treaters
Sizing Horizontal Treaters
Sizing Vertical TreatersReview Questions And Exercise ProblemsDesalting of Crude OilRelationship Among Volume Of Remnant Water, Its Salinity And Salt Content
Description Of The Desalting Process
Electrostatic Desalting
Determining Dilution Water Requirement
Effect Of Operating Parameters
Design Consideration
Trouble ShootingReview Questions And Exercise ProblemsCrude Oil Stabilization and SweeteningIntroduction
Stabilization Operations
Stabilization by Flashing (Additional Gas–Oil Separator)
Stabilization by Stripping
Types Of Stabilizer Employing Energy As A Stripping Agent
Nonrefluxed StabilizersEquipment and Operation
Main Features and Applications of Stabilizers
Crude Oil SweeteningReview QuestionsStorage Tanks and Other Field FacilitiesStorage TanksTypes of Storage Tank
Sizing the Storage Tanks
Vapor Recovery UnitsTypes of Storage Loss
Vapor Recovery Methods
Piping And The Oil FieldsPipeline Gathering SchemesReview QuestionsProduced Water TreatmentIntroduction
Produced And Treated Water Quality
Produced Water Treatment System
Water Treatment Equipment
Filters
Precipitators
Skim Tanks and Vessels
Plate Coalescers
Serpentine-Pipe Packs
Flotation Units
Offshore Water Disposal Equipment
Design Of Water Treatment And Disposal Equipment
Sizing Horizontal Cylindrical Skimmers
Sizing Horizontal Rectangular Cross Section (API) Skimmer
Sizing Vertical Cylindrical Skimmer
Sizing of Skimmers with PPI
Sizing of Skimmers with CPI
Sizing of Skimmers with Cross-Flow Devices
Determining the Reqired Number of SP Packs
Sizing of Flotation Units
Sizing of Offshore Disposal DevicesReview Questions And Exercise ProblemsField Processing and Treatment of Natural GasOverview of Gas Field ProcessingPlanning The System
Background
What Is Natural Gas?
Why Field Processing?
Types of Gas Reservoir
Gas Specifications and Standard Conditions
Effect Of Impurities Found In Natural GasSour Gas TreatingIntroduction
Gas-Sweetening Processes
Selection Of Sweetening Process
Batch Processes
Iron Sponge
Zinc Oxide
Molecular Sieves
Liquid-Phase Processes
Amine Processes
Hot Potassium Carbonate Process
Physical Solvent Processes
Direct Conversion Processes
Stretford Process
LOCAT Process
Sulferox Process
Membrane Processes
Environmental AspectsReview Questions And Exercise ProblemsGas DehydrationIntroduction
Prediction Of Hydrate Formation
Approximate Methods
Analytical Methods
Methods Used To Inhibit Hydrate Formation
Temperature/Pressure Control
Chemical Injection
Dehydration Methods
Absorption (Glycol Dehydration Process)
Basic Principles
Absorption System
Pressure and Temperature Considerations
Process Design
Adsorption: Solid-Bed Dehydration
Operation of Solid-Bed Dehydrator
Design of Adsorber for Gas Dehydration
Regeneration Heat Requirements
Simulation Problem For TEG DehydratorReview Questions And Exercise ProblemsRecovery, Separation, and Fractionation of Natural Gas LiquidsIntroduction
Recovery And Separation Of NGL
Options of Phase Change
Parameters Controlling NGL Separation
Selected Separation Processes
Fractionation Of NGL
Goals and Tasks
Fundamentals of Distillation
Distil ation Processes and Types of Fractionators
Synthesis Of Separation (Distillation) Sequences
Cost of Separation (Fractionation)
Rules (Heuristics) and Examples
NGL Products And Their StabilizationReview Questions And Exercise Problems