Van Leeuwen J. Who Greens the Waves?

Changing Authority in the Environmental Governance of Shipping and Offshore Oil and Gas Production. — Wageningen Academic Publishers The Netherlands, 2010. 201 p. — ISBN: 978-90-8686-143-9, e-ISBN: 978-90-8686-696-0, DOI: 10.3920/978-90-8686-696-0.The marine environment is under serious pressure from human activities. The transboundary and large-scale nature of these threats require cooperation between states, and between states, industries and NGOs. Marine governance therefore becomes a breeding ground for innovation: multi-level and multi-actor governance and changing spheres of authority. This book applies the concept 'spheres of authority' to investigate the nature of these innovations in governing shipping and offshore oil and gas production. In the environmental governance of shipping, authority is shifting from states that own ships to states that own ports. The environmental governance of offshore oil and gas production shows a shared authority for developing and implementing policies between state and industry, but not a diminishing authority of the state.The marine environment as a ‘new’ policy domain
Shifts in governance
Changing authority in governance
Research questions
Outline of the thesisChanging spheres of authority in governance
Shifts in governance
Multiple actors in governance
Multiple levels in governance
Multiple rules in governance
Multiple steering mechanisms in governance
Multiple spheres of authority in (global) governance
The need for new theoretical concepts for governance
New theoretical concepts for governance: a review
Rule systems and sphere of authority
Policy Arrangement Approach
Spheres of authority in governance
Redefining sphere of authority
The organization of a sphere of authority
The substance of a sphere of authority
The results of a sphere of authority
Changing authority in governance
Renewal of an existing sphere of authority
New spheres of authority in governance
Political modernization in governance
Conclusions: analysing the changing authority of the state in governanceResearch methodology
Operationalizing the research questions
Case study and case selection
Data collection
Validity of the researchChanging authority in the environmental governance of shipping
The emerging global sphere of authority during the 1950s and 1960s
The OILPOL Convention and the Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization
Freedom of the sea and flag states
Private actors
Compliance
The authority of the state during the 1950s and 1960s
Authority in developing steering mechanisms
Authority in generating compliance
The institutionalization of the port and coastal state during the 1970s and 1980s
The MARPOL Convention and port state inspections
The changing institutional structure of IMCO
The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
Memoranda of Understanding on Port State Control
The renewed global sphere of authority during the 1980s and early 1990s
Ratification of the MARPOL Convention
Flag, port and coastal states
The level playing field discourse
The threat of unilateral standards
Further developments in the global sphere of authority during the 1980s and 1990s
The entry into force of MARPOL Annexes
Amending the Paris MoU on Port State Control
New issues and Conventions
The authority of the state during the 1980s and early 1990s
Authority in developing steering mechanisms
Authority in generating compliance
The emergence of an European sphere of authority during the 1990s and 2000s
European Directives and the European Maritime Safety Agency
The EU sphere of authority and changes within IMO
The EU sphere of authority and the renewed global sphere of authority during the 2000s
Diverging European standards and IMO
The continuing conventional IMO and the EU
Technology-forcing standards within IMO
The authority of the state during the 2000s
Authority in developing steering mechanisms after the EU policy change
Authority in developing technology-forcing steering mechanisms
Authority in generating compliance
Future outlook: initiatives outside IMO and EUChanging authority in the environmental governance of offshore oil and gas production
Oil and gas production on the North Sea
The emerging regional sphere of authority during the 1970s and 1980s
The Paris Convention and oil pollution
National implementation: the UK, Norway and the Netherlands
The authority of the state during the 1970s and 1980s
Authority in developing steering mechanisms
Authority in generating compliance
The emerging national spheres of authority during the 1990s and 2000s
United Kingdom
Norway
The Netherlands
The emergence of industrial steering mechanisms during the 1990s and 2000s
Company environmental policies and environmental management systems
Implications for the national spheres of authority
The renewed regional sphere of authority during the 1990s and 2000s
The authority of the state during the 1990s and 2000s
Authority in developing steering mechanisms
Authority in generating compliance
The emergence of an European Union sphere of authority during the 2000s
Renewed national and regional spheres of authority during the 2000s
Renewed national spheres of authority
Renewed regional sphere of authority
Authority of the state during 2000s
Authority in developing steering mechanisms
Authority in generating compliance
Future outlookComparing the environmental governance of shipping and offshore oil and gas productionThe nature of maritime activities
The evolution of the environmental governance of shipping and offshore oil and gas production
Traditional spheres of authority
Policy changes and the emergence of new spheres of authority
Renewed spheres of authority
Shifts in governance
Changing authority of the state
Traditional authority of the state
Changing authority of the state in the development of steering mechanisms
Changing authority of the state in generating complianceConclusions and reflectionShifts in governance: how innovative is environmental governance at sea?
Changes in governance and authority
Conventional and new spheres of authority
Changing governance
Changing authority of the state
Reflection on research and the conceptual framework
Epilogue: future outlook for environmental governance at sea