Ahamed S.V. Next Generation Knowledge Machines. Design and Architecture

Elsevier, 2014, -325 p.Knowledge has evolved with the species. Knowledge to survive abates extinction of species and subspecies. Knowledge becomes an imprint of the capacity to navigate through changes, to adapt, and to enhance the level of survival from mere existence to satisfaction. In a sense, knowledge to live-on enhances both the status of species and furthers evolution. Knowledge to live-on becomes the life-blood, and life becomes knowledge bound. Largely, knowledge is as essential as life itself. Any increment of knowledge gained or retracted, thus repositions the quality of life ever so slightly.
Two aspects of knowledge become evident. On the positive side, knowledge can be aimed to better and to improve the individual or the society. The converse is equally valid on the negative side. In a sense, knowledge starts to display vector properties in numerous directions. The dimensions of knowledge can become as abundant as the health of an individual or of a society. Good beneficial (constructive) knowledge is imaged as pleasant health of the organism as much as degenerative (destructive) knowledge is indicative of ill health. The science of knowledge can become as attractive or cumbersome as the science of medicine or the science of taxonomy, calling for detailed analysis of forces and energies that move a body of knowledge up or down, toward betterment or toward degeneration. The book also identifies the objects around which knowledge is accumulated, and identifies the quantity of knowledge. It identifies the forces that alter the structure, the interrelationships of knowledge-centric objects (KCOs), and change the entropy of a body of knowledge.
The purpose throughout this book is to present the scientific methodology to unify numerous disciplines in a coherent science of knowledge representation, its dynamics, its algebraic manipulation, and finally to present a computational environment to compute a specific body of knowledge and determine the volume of knowledge. The methodology consists of starting with a given body of knowledge (e.g., the educational qualification, the health of an individual) and to integrate the human/machine or social work (e.g., college education/training, the medical treatment). Such an effort or work alters the status of knowledge of any KCO (e.g., a student, patient) over a specific duration (e.g., 4 years of study, hospital confinement). When statistical estimations are included in the overall evaluation, then the progression of knowledge and its enhancements become statistical and systematic. Numeric methods become applicable.
For example, educational level of a student is quantifiable by the scores; the medical condition of a patient is known by the medical test results. With appropriate software for measuring the status, or change of status of the student or the patient, the progress can also be simulated by medical machines and finally measured by appropriate tests. The approach is generic toward all bodies of knowledge. Corrective measures to alter the change of status of knowledge/condition in any given direction may be foreseen and administered. In the case of a student or of a patient, the tools for learning for a specific student can be adjusted or refocused, or the medication can be readjusted for the specific ailment. The quantification of the status of the KCO (e.g., the student or the patient) becomes necessary and this is itself knowledge based and the representation of the knowledge. The practice of estimation of the status is universal. The students’ grade card or the patients’ vital statistics and medical test indicate the change of status. This book streamlines a methodology to connect the knowledge operations to and from KCOs and to the tract, the change of their status along a time frame.
Human beings follow their instincts and experience the course of action to reach a desired goal or an enhanced status of the KCO. However, educated the guesses may be; they fall short of a scientific methodology, especially if the discipline or the direction of knowledge is more abstract (e.g., the psychological profile of a patient) than real (the physiological heath).
This book anchors all objects in the knowledge about them. Conversely, all knowledge is anchored into objects, even though such objects may be abstract or virtual such as the divine, the ether space, elementary particles, or strings and super strings. Totally perceived objects have the perception of at least one human being to whose perception to they are related. The book provides the means to isolate entirely unconnected objects as non-objects that cannot be represented, processed, or enhanced. Alternatively, all objects are deemed to have some minimal knowledge centricity around and about them and minimal connectivity to or from them.
Since perfect and total continuity or (disconnectivity) of objects is impossible, any object that has a name is connected, however vague or uncertain it may be. Backtracking knowledge is a time domain phenomenon. Based on these truisms, the treatment of knowledge presented is mostly algebraic, systematic and scientific and the processing becomes a series of sequential or simultaneous steps in the time domain. This becomes the basis of all computations related to knowledge per se. Actions to alter the status of objects can range from simulation and application programs on supercomputers to microinstructions from the control memory of a microprocessor. Objects can range from nations or civilizations to neurons in the brain, or cells in the skin.
The art of morphology and taxonomy is used (with the appropriate care) to disintegrate after major KCOs into tinier KCOs, and next the major actions into smaller actions associated with them. The art of compiling and synthesizing is used (with the adequate care) to recombine and reassemble smaller objects into large KCOs, and subsequently the minor actions to larger actions associated with them. The systems programmers from an intermediate level can ascend uphill to knowledge-level application programs on supercomputers or conversely descend downhill to knowledge-level binary instructions to be executed on knowledge microprocessors. The implementation of this methodology is knowledge programming to be executed on the Next-Generation Knowledge Machines or NGKMs.
Objects presented throughout this book do not need a physical basis of existence. Ideas and notions have an origin and hence a connectivity. Totally nonsensical objects are not applicable to mental or machine processing. If sensible ideas and notions are allocated a region of a computer (or human) memory, then the memory space can be manipulated by programs (or thought processes). The memory configurations are consequently, generated. If the preceding laws of conversion of objects into memories can now be inverted upon the new memory configurations, then new ideas or notions become as real or abstract as the old ideas or notions. New memory configurations are derived from established algorithms in computer science giving rise to a sense of reality in dealing with both real and abstract objects. Actual objects become easier to manipulate programs and algorithms and vice versa. Very practical examples of such programs exist in the architecture of actual objects such as buildings, cities, or even the VLSI designs on silicon chips. Authenticated examples of such programs exist in the computer-generated animation, movies, and games.Part I. Technological Foundations and Human Aspect of Knowledge
Computational Framework
Human and Social Aspects
Processing, Switching, and Communication of Knowledge
Part II. Quantitative Aspects of Knowledge
Quantization of Knowledge
Needs, Resources, Deployment, and Gratification
Nature, Abundance, and Needs
Part III. Knowledge Dynamics
Foundations of Knowledge
Flow of Knowledge
Design Constructs of a Knowledge Machine
Knowledge Science
Knowledge Flow in Universities