Tu J., Inthavong K., Ahmadi G. Computational Fluid and Particle Dynamics in the Human Respiratory System

Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht, 2013, XVIII, 374 p. 251 illus., 115 illus. in color. — ISBN: 978-94-007-4487-5, ISBN: 978-94-007-4488-2 (eBook), DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-4488-2 – (Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering).Provides summary of latest developments in the physiology of the respiratory system and advance modeling tools
Yields valuable new insights into understanding size-dependent particle infiltration into the lungs
Contains detailed case studies and best practices guidelines for establishing high quality computational models and simulations
Hands on practice through premade computational code
Traditional research methodologies in the human respiratory system have always been challenging due to their invasive nature. Recent advances in medical imaging and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) have accelerated this research. This book compiles and details recent advances in the modeling of the respiratory system for researchers, engineers, scientists, and health practitioners. It breaks down the complexities of this field and provides both students and scientists with an introduction and starting point to the physiology of the respiratory system, fluid dynamics and advanced CFD modeling tools.
In addition to a brief introduction to the physics of the respiratory system and an overview of computational methods, the book contains best-practice guidelines for establishing high-quality computational models and simulations. Inspiration for new simulations can be gained through innovative case studies as well as hands-on practice using pre-made computational code. Last but not least, students and researchers are presented the latest biomedical research activities, and the computational visualizations will enhance their understanding of physiological functions of the respiratory system.
Content Level » Research
Keywords » CFD Modeling - Computational Fluid Dynamics - Computational Methods Introduction - Computational Simulation - Fluid Dynamics - Human Respiratory System - Medical Imaging - Modeling Respiratory System - Respiratory System CFD
Related subjects » Applied & Technical Physics - Biomedical Engineering - Human Physiology -Mechanics - Theoretical, Mathematical & Computational PhysicsComputational Fluid and Particle Dynamics (CFPD): An IntroductionWhat is CFPD
Advantages of CFPD
CFPD and CFD Applications in the Respiratory System
CFPD as a Research Tool
CFPD and CFD as a Training Tool
Respiratory Health Risk Assessment
Pulmonary Drug Delivery
Nasal Drug Delivery
Therapies for Sleep Apnoea
Studies in the Acinus and Olfactory Regions
Assistance to Nasal SurgeryReview QuestionsThe Human Respiratory SystemNose and Nasal Cavity
Anatomy of the Nose and Nasal Cavity
Physiology of the Nose and Nasal Cavity
Nasal Cavity Variations and Diseases
Pharynx
Anatomy of the Pharynx
Physiology of the Pharynx
Variations and Disease of the Pharynx
Larynx
Anatomy of the Larynx
Physiology of the Larynx
Variations and Diseases of the Larynx
Tracheobronchial Tree and Deep Lung Airways
Anatomy of the Tracheobronchial Tree and Lung Airways
Physiology of the Tracheobronchial Tree and Lung Airways
Variation and Disease of the Tracheobronchial Tree and Lung Airways
Respiration Physiology
Lung Volumes and Capacity
Mechanics of Breathing
Airflow Dynamics and Resistance
Gas ExchangeReview QuestionsReconstruction of the Human AirwaysMedical Image Acquistion
Computed Tomography (CT)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
CT vs MRI
Other Medical Imaging Techniques
Image SegmentationOverviewEdge Detection
Thresholding
Region Based Segmentation
Using Specialised Medical Software
Surface and Volume Reconstruction
Examples
Implementation of Different Segmentation Algorithms
Nasal Cavity, Pharynx, and Larynx
Oral Cavity
Tracheobronchial Airway Tree
Pulmonary Acinar RegionReview QuestionsGeneration of Computational Mesh for CFPD SimulationsMesh Topology
Structured Mesh Systems
Structured Mesh Properties
Body-fitted Mesh
Multi-block Mesh
Unstructured Mesh Systems
Unstructured Mesh Properties
Delaunay Triangulation
Quadtree/Octree Subdivision
Advancing Front Connectivity
Comparisons Between Structured and Unstructured Mesh
Mesh Generation
Mesh Design Strategy and Quality
Local Refinement and Solution Adaptation
Mesh Independence
Mesh Generation Software
Examples
Meshing the Nasal Cavity
Meshing the Trachea and Primary Bronchi
Meshing the Upper RespiratoryAirway Inside a Human BodyReview QuestionsFundamentals of Fluid DynamicsFluid Dynamics and Governing Equations
Mass Conservation
Momentum Balance
Energy Conservation
Turbulent Flow
What is Turbulence?
Introduction to Turbulence Modeling
Additional Equations for the k-ω Turbulence Model
Other Turbulence Models
Near-Wall Modeling
Turbulence Modeling Approach
Laminar and Turbulent Flow Examples
Generic Form of Governing EquationsReview QuestionsFundamentals of Particle DynamicsDescribing Particle Motion
Lagrangian Method
Eulerian Method
Linking the Fluid and Particle Equations
Particle Diameters
Particle Shape and Equivalent Diameters
Forces Acting on a Particle
Drag Force and Drag Coefficient
Cunningham Correction Factor
Particle Relaxation Time, Stokes Number
Non-spherical Particles
Additional Forces
Nanoparticle Transport
Lagrangian Particle Tracking
Eulerian Diffusion Models
Turbulent Particle Dispersion
Turbulent FluctuationsReview QuestionsNumerical Methods and Its SolutionDiscretisation of Governing Equations
Finite Difference Method
Finite Volume Method
One-dimensional Steady State Diffusion
One-dimensional Steady State Convection-diffusion
Numerical Solution
Direct Solution Methods
Iterative Methods
Solution for a One-dimensional Steady Diffusion Equation
Pressure-velocity Coupling
Numerical Solution OF ODES
Forward Euler Ethod
Runge-Kutta Method
Implicit Methods for Stiff ODEs
Solution Analysis
Consistency, Stability, Convergence, Accuracy
Solution Errors
Validation and Verification
Solution Procedure
Pre-processing Stage
Numerical Solver
Post ProcessingReview QuestionsCase Studies in the Human Respiratory SystemModeling Inhalation and Heat Transfer in the Nasal Cavity
Inhalation Through the Anatomy and Its Physiology
Boundary Conditions
Geometry Comparisons
Wall Shear Stress
Flow Visualisation
Flow Features in the Nasal Valve
Flow Features in the Middle Turbinates
Temperature Profiles
Closure
Toxic Particles and the Effects of Particle Morphology
Characterisation of Toxic Particles
Numerical Considerations for Particle Tracking
Deposition Patterns of Inhaled Particles
Closure
Optimisation of Nasal Drug Delivery
Nasal Spray Atomization Experimental Images
Nasal Spray Atomization
Setup and Validation of the CFD Model
Swirl Fraction, λ
Initial Particle Velocity
Insertion Angle, α
Full Spray Cone Angle, β
Implications for Nasal Drug Delivery
Closure
Effects of Asthma on the Fluid-Particle Dynamics in the Lung Airways
Geometry and Computational Setup
Airway Geometry Recovery
Airflow Distribution and Pressure Coefficient
Particle Deposition Patterns
Considerations for Modeling Pulmonary Drug Delivery
ClosureReview QuestionsAdvanced Topics and Future TrendsAdvanced Modeling
Moving/Deforming mesh
Fluid Structure Interaction
Advanced Particle Modeling
Particle Breakup for Drug Delivery
Particle-particle Collision and Turbulence Modulation
Particle Dispersion and Deposition
Multiphysics Respiratory Modeling
Mucous Surface Absorption Models
Lung Airway Multiscale ModelingAppendix A List of Computational Software
Appendix B Glossary
Appendix C Fluid Dynamics Dimensionless Numbers